Transcript Document

Indiana State Ground
Search Course
Awareness Level
Unit 8
SAR Resources
SEPTEMBER 2005
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF
HOMELAND SECURITY
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Unit 8 Objectives
• The student will be able to define and
understand the importance of:
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Trained Search Managers
Ground Resources
Water Resources
Air Resources
Electronic & Computer Resources
Support Resources
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Management Resources
• One of the most critical resources needed on any
SAR incident are TRAINED Search Managers!
• Search managers are experienced ground
searchers who take on the role of Incident
Commander, Operations Chief, or Plans Chief, or
some other critical staff positions within ICS.
• SAR managers need to make educated decisions.
• The SARTAC committee will soon be working on
the development of a 3-level “Ground Search
Management” track.
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Ground Resources
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There are five categories of ground
resources that might be used during SAR
incidents:
Investigators
Ground (foot-search) Teams
Search Dogs (Canine or “K9”) Teams
Vehicle-Based Search Teams
Mounted Search Teams
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Investigators
• Investigators are personnel specially to trained to
ask questions and listen for responding answers
from a witness.
• The job of the investigator is not to “interrogate” a
witness as though they are criminal but to uncover
facts that a witness has a difficult time expressing.
• Investigators would be the best individual to
family & friends with the Lost Person
Questionnaire.
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Ground (foot) Search
Teams
• Ground search resources can offer tactics such as:
– Hasty search crews & strike teams (trained!)
• Crews & teams that perform fast searches of points and
routes.
– Grid sweep crews & strike teams (trained!)
• Crew & teams that perform side-by-side sweeps of areas.
– Trackers & signcutters crews (trained!)
• Trackers can follow the passage of a subject by their
footprints (tracks) and signs left behind.
• Signcutters are track-trained personnel who can look for any
tracks left by the passage of a subject.
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Search Dogs (Canines) Teams
• Tracking Dogs
– Dogs trained to search & follow the scent left
behind by the crushed vegetation of the subject.
• Trailing Dogs
– Dogs trained to search & follow scent of the
subject.
• Airscent/Area Dogs
– Dogs trained to search & follow the scent of any
human within the area
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Other K9 Specialties
• Disaster Dog
– Dogs trained to search rubble and collapsed
structures.
• Cadaver Dogs
– Dogs trained to scent on the gases released by a
dead body.
• Water Search Dogs
– Dogs trained to scent on the gases released by a
drowned body.
• Avalanche Dogs
– Dogs trained to scent on the gases released by a
subject trapped under an avalanche.
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Vehicle-Based Search Teams
• Engine-Powered Land Craft
– Wheeled vehicles
• 2-wheel, 3-wheel, 4-wheel, & 6-wheel
– Track vehicles
• Uses a tank-like track for movement
– Snowmobiles, “cats”, etc.
• Self-Powered Land Craft
– Mountain bikes
• Bicyclists trained to search and ride cross-country
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Mounted Search Teams
• Horse Back (Equestrian)
– Trained searchers riding on horse back
while searching.
• Mule Back
– Trained searchers riding on mule back
while searching.
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Water Resources
• There are two categories of water
resources that might be used during
SAR incidents:
1.Surface Water Resources
2.Underwater Resources
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Surface Water Resources
• Surface Water Craft
– Solid Hull
• Flat-bottomed and keeled boats (powered & unpowered)
– Soft Hull
• Rafts (powered & un-powered)
– Hover Craft
• Powered craft utilizing “ground effect” to
minimize surface friction and provide propulsion.
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Underwater Resources
• Divers (SCUBA)
– Trained scuba divers who are also trained to search
underwater.
• Sonar Devices
– Various devices which use sonic energy to search
underwater.
• Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) or
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicles)
– Robotic submarines with closed-circuit TVs
(CCTV) and/or sonar used to search underwater.
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ROV
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Air Resources
• There are four categories of air
resources that might be used during
SAR incidents:
1.Fixed-Wing Resources
2.Rotary-Wing Resources
3.Tethered-Balloon Resources
4.Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Resources
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Fixed-Wing Aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) with welltrained crews who are both experienced in
flying as well as searching from the air.
• Advantages are that fixed-wing have greater
range than rotary-wing and in many cases,
much faster.
• Disadvantages include the danger of flying too
slow and undergoing an aerodynamic “stall”
(the aircraft falls from the sky!) and the
inability to hover.
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Rotary-Wing Aircraft
• Rotary-wing aircraft (helicopter) with welltrained crews who are both experienced in
flying as well as searching from the air.
• Advantage is the ability to fly slower and if
conditions are right, hover. Disadvantage is
fuel use and complexity of the aircraft.
• To arrive in the future:
– Hybrid aircraft: “Tilt-rotor” aircraft which
combine the advantages of both fixed-wing
and rotary-wing aircraft.
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Tethered-Balloon
• Large gas-bags filled with helium and with a
powerful light-source inside.
• The balloon can be deployed and tethered
(cabled to the ground) over the ICP and
provides an extremely bright light-source over
base-camp.
• This hovering powerful light source can also be
seen for several miles and may aid a subject in
self-rescue (walking out on their own).
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV)
• Soon-to-reach the civilian market:
– Small unmanned flying vehicles will soon
be available to SAR. These small aircraft
are radio-controlled and have cameras &
computers onboard. The “pilot” is actually
on the ground flying the craft with
electronic equipment.
– Current UAVs come in a variety of shapes &
sizes and can also be classified as both fixed
& rotary-wing.
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The Aerosonde UAV
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Electronic & Computer
Resources
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Visual Amplification
Audio Amplification
Tactile (touch) Amplification
Satellite Aided Search
Emergency Beacons
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Visual Amplification
• Long-Distance Visual
– Uses optical equipment (lens,collimators, etc.)
– Can be electronically enhanced (such as lasers for
distance measuring)
• Infrared
– Able to detect objects at frequencies below that of
human sight (thermal).
• Starlight
– Enhances the ambient light of the nighttime
environment
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Audio Amplification
• Long-Range Listening Devices
– Utilizes a parabolic dish to focus sound
waves to one point and electronically
amplifies
• Underground Listening Devices
– Snake down a fiber-optic endoscope into
collapsed structures
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Tactile (Touch) Amplification
• Seismic Devices
– Devices used to detect underground
vibrations
• Thermal Sensitive Devices
– Devices used detect thermal sources (human
bodies)
• Magnetometers
– Devices used to detect ferrous (ironcontaining material) metals underground or
underwater
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Satellite Aided Search
• SAR-SAT (SAR-Satellite-Aided
Tracking)
–NOAA (National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration)
COSPAC-SARSAT
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
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GPS Satellite Constellation
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Emergency Beacons
• ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter)
– Aircraft
• EPIRG (Emergency Position-Indicating
Radio Beacon)
– Ocean-going vessels
• PLB (Personal Location Beacons)
– Small hand-held emergency device for hikers
• Avalanche Beacons
– Devices attached to ski-boots
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Emergency Beacons
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Computer Resources
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Laptop computers
PDAs
Calculators
Mapping software
GIS (Geographic Information
System)
• Others?
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Support Resources
• There are five categories of support resources
that might be used during SAR incidents:
1. Facility Resources
2. Transportation Resources
3. Communications Resources
4. Food Resources
5. Medical Resources
6. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Resources
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Facility Resources
• Resources for:
– Large command post tents
– “Warm-up” tents for crews during winter
– Portable furniture
– Cork-boards for map displays
– Others?
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Transportation Resources
• Large multi-passenger vehicles may be
used to haul personnel & equipment:
– Trucks
– SUVs
– Vans
– Others?
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Communications Resources
• Communication resources include:
– Amateur (“ham”) radio operators &
equipment
– Public Address (PA) systems
– Land-line field phones
– Cell-phones
– Others?
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Food Resources
• Food resources would include:
– Transportable Field kitchens
– Donated foodstuff from local grocery
– Others?
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Medical Resources
• Medical resources include:
– EMS services
– DMAT (Disaster Medical Assistance
Teams)
– Hospitals & clinics
– Others?
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CISD Resources
• CISD (Critical Incident Stress
Debriefing) resources include:
– Trained CISD facilitators
– Grief counselors
– Others?
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Questions over Unit 8?
• Do you have any question over
importance of determining:
– Trained Search Managers?
– Ground Resources?
– Water Resources?
– Air Resources?
– Electronic & Computer Resources?
– Support Resources?
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