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Mid-Term Exam Thursday, Nov.2nd (in class) 20% of final grade three sections concise, brief written answers equal weight – Part 1 Lectures – Bureaucracy and Democracy lectures from Sept.14-Sept.26 one answer from choice of two questions – Part 2 Lectures – The Political-Bureaucratic Interface within a Department lectures from Sept.28-Oct.12 one answer from choice of three questions – Part 3 Lectures – Political-Bureaucratic Interface Across Government lectures from Oct.17-Oct.31 one answer from choice of two questions 80 minutes – please do NOT arrive late (exam ends at 3:50 pm regardless of time of your arrival!) – have a strategy!! Cuban Missile Crisis recommendations – air strike Team #3 – blockade with air strike after 12 hours – significan dissention on team – blockade Team #2 – plus negotiations+possible air strike Team #5 – +prepare for air strike – diplomacy Team #4 – no conclusion? Team #1 what did you learn???? Bureaucratic-Political Interface Across Government: Channels of Bureauratic Influence and Political Control October 24th, 2006 Model of Bureaucratic-Political Interface Across Government political bureaucratic interface made up of channels – e.g. interaction takes place along regularized and established routes channels can be mapped – different types of channels channels of political control channels of bureaucratic influence – distinct e.g. channels of political control/bureaucratic influence not necessarily the same Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) Channels of Central Political Control Ministers Deputy Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TB Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) downward and outward from political level (PM) to bureaucratic level (DMs) Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Deputy Ministers Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level from PM to Ministers and then downward to bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) downward from political level (PM/PMO) to bureaucratic level (PCO) and then outward at bureaucratic level (Deputy Ministers) downward and outward from political level (PM) to bureaucratic level (DMs) Channels of Central Political Control Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers Channels of Central Political Control unique role of the DM – receives political direction from... Minister PCO and Clerk PM – indirectly through appointment Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Deputy Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Deputy Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board – from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Cabinet/Ministers Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board – from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers PCO influence over DM’s Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board – from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers PCO influence over DM’s -DM influence over ministers Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers – from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board – from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Cabinet PCO influence over DM’s -DM influence over ministers Channels of Central Political Control Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level Implications of the Organizational Structure 1. political-bureaucratic interface (and potential for conflict) exists at numerous sites PM/PMO and PCO central agency ministers and central agencies PM and DMs line departments ministers and DMs The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level Implications of the Organizational Structure 2. political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level Implications of the Organizational Structure 3. multiple lines of conflict/control more simplistic model highlighted democratic questions; reality is more complex – two sets of tendencies to balance (also two potential axes of conflict) political officials vs. public servants The Centre vs. the Periphery The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level Dilemmas of Organizational Structure – Centripetal and Centrifugal Tendencies political control vs. impartiality democratic paradox – depends on... • the model of democracy!!!! central political accountability vs. diffused political accountability parliamentary paradox – accountability/responsibility/answerability • collective ministerial responsibility • individual ministerial responsibility top-down responsiveness vs. bottom- up responsiveness bureaucratic paradox – effectiveness/efficiency • coherence and rationality – e.g. central top-down control • responsiveness and innovation – e.g. decentralized control The Centrifugal Tendencies responsiveness (bottom-up) to clientele/public/changing circumstances – effectiveness, efficiency diffused political accountability – ability to answer effectively for actions taken within individual departments impartiality (vs. political control) – ability to insulate activities from political interference The Centripetal Tendencies top-down responsiveness centralized political accountability coherence collective cabinet responsibility political control (vs. impartiality)