CVFD Training – Ventilation Practices

SFFMA Training Objectives: 8-01.05 – 8-01.08

Vertical Ventilation

• • Opening roof/existing roof openings for allowing heated gases, smoke to escape Firefighters must understand basic types, designs of roofs

(Continued)

11–2 Firefighter I

Vertical Ventilation

• Firefighters must know how roofs in the response areas are constructed Firefighter I

(Continued)

11–3

Vertical Ventilation — Preincident Inspections • Identify – New construction projects – Existing construction – Use of lightweight building materials – Information that can alert firefighters Firefighter I 11–4

Likelihood of Roof Collapse During Vertical Ventilation • Based on – Volume of fire – How long fire has been burning – Type of construction – Level of protection – Load on roof Firefighter I 11–5

Responsibilities During Vertical Ventilation — Officer in Charge • • • • Determine it can be done safely, effectively Consider age, type of construction Consider location, duration, extent of fire Observe safety precautions

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11–6 Firefighter I

Responsibilities During Vertical Ventilation — Officer in Charge • • • Identify escape routes Select place to ventilate Move personnel, tools to roof Firefighter I 11–7

Responsibilities During Vertical Ventilation — Leader on Roof • • • • Ensure roof safe to operate on Ensure only required openings made Direct efforts to minimize secondary damage Coordinate crew’s efforts with firefighters inside building

(Continued)

11–8 Firefighter I

Responsibilities During Vertical Ventilation — Leader on Roof • • Ensure safety of all personnel Ensure team leaves roof as soon as assignment completed Firefighter I 11–9

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • • Check wind direction with relation to exposures Work with wind at back/side to provide protection while cutting Note existence of roof obstructions/ excessive weight on roof

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11–10 Firefighter I

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • Provide secondary means of escape for crews Firefighter I

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11–11

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • • Ensure main structural components not cut while creating opening Guard opening to prevent personnel falling into it Evacuate roof promptly when ventilation complete

(Continued)

11–12 Firefighter I

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • • Use lifelines, roof ladders, other means to prevent sliding/falling Make sure roof ladder (if used) firmly secured over roof’s peak Exercise caution when working around electric, guy wires

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11–13 Firefighter I

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • • Ensure all personnel on roof wear full PPE including SCBA Keep other firefighters out of range of those swinging axes, operating saws Caution axe users to be aware of overhead obstructions

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11–14 Firefighter I

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • • Start power tools on ground to ensure operation; shut off before hoisting/ carrying to roof Extend ladders 3-5 rungs above roof line, secure ladder When operating from aerial ladder platforms, floor of platform even with/ slightly above roof level

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Firefighter I 11–15

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • Check roof for structural integrity before stepping on, continue sounding throughout operation

(Continued)

11–16 Firefighter I

Safety Precautions During Vertical Ventilation • • Always walk on bearing walls, strongest points of roof structure Ensure ceilings punched through to enhance ventilation Firefighter I 11–17

Unsafe Roof — Warning Signs

• • • • Melting asphalt Spongy Roof Smoke coming from roof Fire coming from roof Firefighter I 11–18

DISCUSSION QUESTION

What should you do if you are assigned to ventilate a roof and find warning signs present? Firefighter I 11–19

Roof Coverings

• • • • Part of roof exposed to weather Types Some susceptible to ignition from sparks, burning embers; others not Some have coating of insulating material Firefighter I 11–20

Existing Roof Openings

• • • Sometimes used for vertical ventilation Rarely in best location/large enough Usually supplement cut holes

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11–21 Firefighter I

Existing Roof Openings

• • • • • Scuttle hatches Skylights Monitors Ventilating shafts Penthouse/bulkhead doors Firefighter I 11–22

General Ventilation Considerations for Roofs • • Square/rectangular opening easier to cut, easier to repair One large opening better than several small Firefighter I 11–23

Flat Roofs

• • Commonly found on commercial, industrial, apartment buildings Common on many single-family residences Firefighter I

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11–24

Flat Roofs

• • • May/may not have slight slope for drainage Frequently penetrated by chimneys, vent pipes, etc.

May be surrounded and/or divided by parapets

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11–25 Firefighter I

Flat Roofs

• • • • May support water tanks, HVAC equipment, etc.

Structural part Decking Construction materials determine equipment necessary to ventilate Firefighter I 11–26

Pitched Roofs

• Among most common are those elevated in center along ridge with roof deck sloping down to eaves along roof edges Firefighter I

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11–27

Pitched Roofs

• • • Shed roofs — Pitched along one edge with deck sloping down to eaves at opposite edge Most involve rafters/trusses Have more pronounced downward slope than flat; may be steep

(Continued)

11–28 Firefighter I

Pitched Roofs

• • Procedures for opening similar to flat roofs; precautions must be taken to prevent slipping Some types may require different opening techniques Firefighter I 11–29

Arched Roofs

• • Can span large open areas unsupported by pillars/posts One type uses bowstring trusses

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11–30 Firefighter I

Arched Roofs

• Lamella or trussless arched roofs Firefighter I

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11–31

Arched Roofs

• Procedures for cutting ventilation openings same as flat/pitched except no ridge to hook roof ladders; curvature of roof prevents roof ladders from lying flat Firefighter I 11–32

Precast Concrete Roofs

• • • Can be fabricated off-site Available in many shapes, sizes, designs Some use lightweight material

(Continued)

Firefighter I 11–33

Precast Concrete Roofs

• • • Lightweight usually finished with roofing felt and mopping of hot tar Extremely difficult to break through Existing openings should be used for ventilation on heavy roofs Firefighter I 11–34

Poured-In Place Concrete Roofs

• Some lightweight concrete roof decks poured in place over permanent form boards, steel roof decking, paper-backed mesh, or metal rib lath

(Continued)

Firefighter I 11–35

Poured-In Place Concrete Roofs

• • • Relatively easy to penetrate Some can be penetrated with hammer-head pick or power saw with concrete blade Heavier roofs require jackhammer/ diamond-tipped chain saw Firefighter I 11–36

Metal Roofs

• Made from several different kinds of metal; constructed in many styles

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Firefighter I 11–37

Metal Roofs

• • Light-gauge steel roof decks can be supported on steel frameworks/laid over existing roof Light-gauge cold-formed steel sheets used primarily for industrial buildings

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11–38 Firefighter I

Metal Roofs

• • Except when covered with lightweight concrete, seldom covered with roofing material Metal cutting tools/power saws with metal cutting blades must be used to open

(Continued)

11–39 Firefighter I

Metal Roofs

• • Often penetrated by roof openings Older buildings may have roofs made of large pieces of sheet metal laid over skip sheathing Firefighter I 11–40

DISCUSSION QUESTION

What are some examples of occupancies in your area? How would these occupancies need to be addressed when ventilating the building?

Firefighter I 11–41

Trench Ventilation (Strip Ventilation) • Used to stop spread of fire in long, narrow structure

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11–42 Firefighter I

Trench Ventilation (Strip Ventilation) • • Performed by cutting large opening at least 4 feet (1.2 m) wide extending from one exterior wall to opposite exterior wall Often, large ventilation opening is cut between trench cut and fire Firefighter I 11–43

Conventional Basement Ventilation

• In absence of built-in vents from basement, heat and smoke from basement fires quickly spread upward

(Continued)

11–44 Firefighter I

Conventional Basement Ventilation

• Can be accomplished several ways – Ground-level windows — horizontal ventilation – Windows unavailable — interior vertical ventilation Firefighter I 11–45

Factors Reducing Effectiveness of Vertical Ventilation • • • • Improper use of forced ventilation Indiscriminant window breaking Fire streams directed into ventilation openings Breaking skylights

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11–46 Firefighter I

Factors Reducing Effectiveness of Vertical Ventilation

• • • Explosions Burn-through of roof, floor, wall Additional openings between attack team, upper ceiling Firefighter I 11–47

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV) • Oldest type of mechanical forced ventilation techniques — Using fans to develop artificial circulation/enhance natural ventilation

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11–48 Firefighter I

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV) • Fans placed in windows, doors, roof vent openings to exhaust smoke, heat, gases Firefighter I

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11–49

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV) • NPV operations – Fan should be positioned to exhaust in same direction as prevailing wind – Technique uses wind to supply fresh air – If prevailing wind too light, fans can be positioned on windward side of structure to blow air into building

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Firefighter I 11–50

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV) • If open areas around smoke ejector not properly sealed – Air can recirculate into building – Atmospheric pressure pushes air back through spaces; smoke reenters room – To prevent recirculation, cover area around fan

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11–51 Firefighter I

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV)

• Flow of smoke, other gases to exit opening should be kept straight as possible Firefighter I

(Continued)

11–52

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV)

• • Avoid opening windows near exhaust fan because this can reduce efficiency Remove all obstacles to airflow

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11–53 Firefighter I

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV)

• • Do not allow intake side of fan to become obstructed When ventilating potentially flammable atmospheres, only exhaust fans with intrinsically safe motors, power cable connections should be used

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11–54 Firefighter I

Negative-Pressure Ventilation (NPV)

• • • Exhaust fans should be turned off when moved; carry by handles Before starting exhaust fans, be sure no one near blades; other materials not in position to be drawn into fan Discharge stream of air should be avoided

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11–55 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• Forced ventilation technique that uses high volume fan to create slightly higher pressure inside than that outside

(Continued)

11–56 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• As long as pressure higher inside building, smoke within building forced through ventilation exit opening

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11–57 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• Location where PPV set up is entry point – Once location selected, create exit opening opposite – Size of exit opening varies with size of entry opening, capacity of blower – Exit opening may be window/doorway

(Continued)

11–58 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• Once exit opening created – Blower placed 4-10 feet (1.2-3 m) outside open entry point – Smoke then expelled from exit opening – To maintain positive pressure inside, important that no other exterior doors/ windows are opened during operation

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Firefighter I 11–59

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• By selectively opening, closing interior doors and exterior windows, it is possible to pressurize one room/area at a time

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11–60 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• • Several considerations for using PPV to ventilate multistory building Requires good fireground discipline, coordination, tactics

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11–61 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• • Main problem in aboveground operations — Coordinating opening, closing of doors in stairwell To control openings/pressure leaks, put one person in charge of pressurizing process

(Continued)

11–62 Firefighter I

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• To ensure effective PPV operation – Take advantage of existing wind – Make certain cone of air from blower covers entire entry opening – Reduce size of area being pressurized to speed up process by selectively opening, closing interior doors

(Continued)

Firefighter I 11–63

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

• To ensure effective PPV operation – Keep size of exit opening in proportion to entry opening – Avoid creating horizontal openings by breaking glass/removing doors Firefighter I 11–64

Advantages of PPV Compared to NPV

• • • Firefighters can set up PPV without entering smoke-filled environment PPV usually effective with horizontal or vertical ventilation Removal of smoke, heat more efficient with PPV

(Continued)

11–65 Firefighter I

Advantages of PPV Compared to NPV

• • Velocity of air currents within building minimal and minimally disturb building contents/debris Fans powered by internal combustion engines operate more efficiently in clean, oxygen-rich atmospheres

(Continued)

11–66 Firefighter I

Advantages of PPV Compared to NPV

• • • Placement of fans does not interfere with ingress/egress Cleaning, maintenance of fans for PPV less than those for NPV PPV effective in all types of structures

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11–67 Firefighter I

Advantages of PPV Compared to NPV

• • Heat, smoke may be directed away from unburned areas/paths of exit with PPV Exposed buildings can be pressurized by PPV to reduce fire spread Firefighter I 11–68

Disadvantages of PPV

• • • Intact structure required Interior carbon monoxide levels may be increased if exhaust from fans allowed to enter Hidden fires may be accelerated, spread throughout building Firefighter I 11–69

DISCUSSION QUESTION

In what types of fires do you think PPV would be more effective? In what types of fires will NPV work better?

Firefighter I 11–70

Hydraulic Ventilation

• • May be used in situations where other types of forced ventilation unavailable Used to clear room or building of smoke, heat, steam, gases after fire controlled

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11–71 Firefighter I

Hydraulic Ventilation

• Uses air movement created by fog stream to help draw products of combustion out of structure Firefighter I 11–72

Performing Hydraulic Ventilation

• • • Fog stream set on wide fog pattern that covers 85-90 percent of window/door opening from which smoke will be pushed out Nozzle tip should be at least 2 feet (0.6 m) back from opening Larger the opening, faster the process

(Continued)

11–73 Firefighter I

Performing Hydraulic Ventilation

Firefighter I 11–74

Disadvantages to Hydraulic Ventilation

• • • • • May increase amount of water damage Drain on available water supply If freezing, increase in ice on ground Firefighters operating nozzle must remain in heated, contaminated area Operation may be interrupted when nozzle team leaves to replenish air Firefighter I 11–75

Building Systems

• • Many modern buildings have built-in HVAC systems Systems can significantly contribute to spread of smoke, fire throughout structure Firefighter I 11–76

Building System Operations

• • Usually controlled from panel in maintenance and operations center in the building Wherever located, often diagram of duct system and information on smoke detection, fire suppression systems built into HVAC ductwork

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11–77 Firefighter I

DISCUSSION QUESTION

Who should operate building systems to assist in ventilation? Firefighter I 11–78

Building System Operations

• Systems designed to shut HVAC system down automatically when smoke/fire detected in ducts Firefighter I 11–79

Fire Personnel

• • Should be familiar with location, operation of controls allowing them to shut down HVAC system May need to shut HVAC system down during fire; clearing system of smoke, restoring to operation responsibility of building engineer or maintenance superintendent

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Firefighter I 11–80

Fire Personnel

• Should check combustibles adjacent to ductwork for fire extension due to conduction Firefighter I 11–81

Smoke Control Systems

• • • Many other buildings equipped with built-in smoke control systems Designed to confine fire to as small an area as possible Achieve confinement by automatic closure of doors, partitions, windows, fire dampers

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11–82 Firefighter I

Smoke Control Systems

• Usually have system diagram in same location as control panel; panel should indicate where alarm originated, which automatic closers activated Firefighter I 11–83