Transcript Slide 1

Connection
•
•
•
Connect your learning to the
content of the lesson
Share the process by which the
learning will actually take place
Explore the outcomes of the
learning, emphasising why this will
be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
• Use formative feedback – Assessment for
Learning
• Vary the groupings within the classroom
for the purpose of learning – individual;
pair; group/team; friendship; teacher
selected; single sex; mixed sex
• Offer different ways for the students to
demonstrate their understanding
• Allow the students to “show off” their
learning
Activation
Consolidation
• Construct problem-solving
challenges for the students
• Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK
• Promote a language of learning to
enable the students to talk about
their progress or obstacles to it
• Learning as an active process, so the
students aren’t passive receptors
• Structure active reflection on the lesson
content and the process of learning
• Seek transfer between “subjects”
• Review the learning from this lesson and
preview the learning for the next
• Promote ways in which the students will
remember
• A “news broadcast” approach to learning
Mr Powell 2012
Index
“C1.4 Crude Oil &
Fuels”
Mr Powell 2012
Which word links all of these images...
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of two or more elements
or compounds not chemically combined
together. The chemical properties of each
substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is
possible to separate the substances in a
mixture by physical methods including
distillation.
c) Most of the compounds in crude oil consist
of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon
atoms only (hydrocarbons). Most of these are
saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which
have the general formula CnH2n+2.
CnH2n+2
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Hydrocarbon - Alkanes

The hydrocarbon molecules which
we find in oil are formed when
tiny sea creatures die and are
compressed after millions of years
of pressure under the sea. The
compounds contain hydrogen and
carbon. (not water!)

The formula is always fixed with 4
hydrogen to the first carbon then
the chains lose one each time you
add on a carbon atom.

The shorter the chain the better
they burn.

They follow the generic formulae
Cn H 2n2
1) What is a hydrocarbon
2) Give an example of a
hydrocarbon
3) Draw out the structure of a
hydrocarbon which has 12
hydrogen atoms.
Mr Powell 2012
D
Index
What is Crude Oil.
Crude oil is a mixture of a
very large number of
compounds. A mixture
consists of two or more
elements or compounds not
chemically joined together.
TASKS
Watch the demonstration
of distillation then
E-F
label up your diagram
Then write a paragraph
about the process we
call “distillation” and
its purpose.
C/D
The chemical properties of
each substance in the
mixture are unchanged.
This makes it possible to
separate the substances in a
mixture by physical methods
including distillation.
Liebig Condenser, Distillate, Crude oil, Thermometer, water
in, Bunsen Burner, water out,
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Match them up....
C/D
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
C1.4.1 Crude Oil
a) Crude oil is a mixture of
a very large number
of compounds.
a) Crude oil is a mixture of
a very large number
of compounds.
a) Crude oil is a mixture of
a very large number
of compounds.
a) Crude oil is a mixture of
a very large number
of compounds.
b) A mixture consists of
two or more elements or
compounds not
chemically combined
together. The chemical
properties of each
substance in the mixture
are unchanged. It is
possible to separate the
substances in a mixture
by physical methods
including distillation.
b) A mixture consists of
two or more elements or
compounds not
chemically combined
together. The chemical
properties of each
substance in the mixture
are unchanged. It is
possible to separate the
substances in a mixture
by physical methods
including distillation.
b) A mixture consists of
two or more elements or
compounds not
chemically combined
together. The chemical
properties of each
substance in the mixture
are unchanged. It is
possible to separate the
substances in a mixture
by physical methods
including distillation.
b) A mixture consists of
two or more elements or
compounds not
chemically combined
together. The chemical
properties of each
substance in the mixture
are unchanged. It is
possible to separate the
substances in a mixture
by physical methods
including distillation.
c) Most of the
compounds in crude oil
consist of molecules
made up of hydrogen and
carbon atoms only
(hydrocarbons). Most of
these are saturated
hydrocarbons called
alkanes, which have the
general formula
c) Most of the
compounds in crude oil
consist of molecules
made up of hydrogen and
carbon atoms only
(hydrocarbons). Most of
these are saturated
hydrocarbons called
alkanes, which have the
general formula
c) Most of the
compounds in crude oil
consist of molecules
made up of hydrogen and
carbon atoms only
(hydrocarbons). Most of
these are saturated
hydrocarbons called
alkanes, which have the
general formula
c) Most of the
compounds in crude oil
consist of molecules
made up of hydrogen and
carbon atoms only
(hydrocarbons). Most of
these are saturated
hydrocarbons called
alkanes, which have the
general formula
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions,
each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon
atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number
of different temperatures. This process is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their
molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as
fuels.... boiling points, viscosity, flammability.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
a) Alkane molecules can be represented in the following forms
TASK: Can you check this formulae
works for butane and write down
why that is?
C/D
Cn H 2n2
Mr Powell 2012
Index
b) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of
which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the
oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is
fractional distillation.
Fractions with low
boiling points
condense at the
top
Fractions with
high boiling points
condense at the
bottom
Mr Powell 2012
Index
More on Fractionating columns
TASK: On your diagram label the missing features, then
write a paragraph to explain what the process is
designed to do.
D/E
Mr Powell 2012
Index
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These
properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling points, viscosity,
flammability.
Longer chains mean…
H
C
C
H
H
Increasing length
H
H
H
Ethane
H
H
H
H
H C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
1. Less ability to flow
2. Less flammable
3. Less volatile
H
4. Higher boiling point
Butane
Mr Powell 2012
Index
c) Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules.
These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.... boiling
points, viscosity, flammability.
Some properties of
hydrocarbons depend on
the size of their
molecules. These
properties influence how
hydrocarbons are used
as fuels. One example is
boiling point but there
are others too...
TASK: Look at the
pictures and
write down a
definition for
each term in the
image. Define
what they mean
like you were
compiling a
E
dictionary.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Alkanes Boiling Point Graph…
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.4.1 Crude Oil – Fractional Distillation
Fill in the gaps then explain the key concept of “Fractional Distillation”....
C1.4.1 Crude Oil - Alkanes
Name
Structural
formula
METHANE
Chemical
formula,
CnH(2n+2)
Number of
atoms
CH4
1 C and 4 H
2 C and 6 H
ETHANE
P
C-C-C
4 C and 10 H
B
C5H12
PENT
HEX
HEPT
C-C-C-C-C-C
C7
8C
OCT
NON
DEC
1) From what you have learned, try and explain the generic
formulae for an “Alkane”...
2) Now explain what four properties of an Alkane change
when the chains get longer....
1)
C9
H22
2)
3)
4)
What is the idea of this triangle?
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons
a) Alkane molecules can be
represented in the
following forms:
a) Alkane molecules can be
represented in the
following forms:
a) Alkane molecules can be
represented in the
following forms:
a) Alkane molecules can be
represented in the
following forms:
b) The many hydrocarbons
in crude oil may be
separated into fractions,
each of which contains
molecules with a similar
number of carbon atoms, by
evaporating the oil and
allowing it to condense at a
number of different
temperatures. This process
is fractional distillation.
b) The many hydrocarbons
in crude oil may be
separated into fractions,
each of which contains
molecules with a similar
number of carbon atoms, by
evaporating the oil and
allowing it to condense at a
number of different
temperatures. This process
is fractional distillation.
b) The many hydrocarbons
in crude oil may be
separated into fractions,
each of which contains
molecules with a similar
number of carbon atoms, by
evaporating the oil and
allowing it to condense at a
number of different
temperatures. This process
is fractional distillation.
b) The many hydrocarbons
in crude oil may be
separated into fractions,
each of which contains
molecules with a similar
number of carbon atoms, by
evaporating the oil and
allowing it to condense at a
number of different
temperatures. This process
is fractional distillation.
c) Some properties of
hydrocarbons depend on
the size of their molecules.
These properties influence
how hydrocarbons are used
as fuels.... boiling points,
viscosity, flammability.
c) Some properties of
hydrocarbons depend on
the size of their molecules.
These properties influence
how hydrocarbons are used
as fuels.... boiling points,
viscosity, flammability.
c) Some properties of
hydrocarbons depend on
the size of their molecules.
These properties influence
how hydrocarbons are used
as fuels.... boiling points,
viscosity, flammability.
c) Some properties of
hydrocarbons depend on
the size of their molecules.
These properties influence
how hydrocarbons are used
as fuels.... boiling points,
viscosity, flammability.
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain
some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may
include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion the
carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon dioxide causes
global warming, and solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in
vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for
example in power stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material.
There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
a) Products of Combustion DEMO
We can test what the products of combustion with this experiment.
1. Can you guess what gas is given off?
2. What collects in the U tube?
3. Label your copy of the diagram.
To water
pump
Small
Busen flame
Ice Bath
Lime
water
Methane
Mr Powell 2012
Index
a) More on Combustion.
Most fuels contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some
sulphur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may
include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), and sulphur dioxide. Particles may
also be released. For example. When Propane burns we can write;
Propane + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water
C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
TASK: On your sheet can you fill in the blanks and also
make sure the equation is balanced properly.
C/D
Mr Powell 2012
Index
c) Pollution....
1) Note down what the reactions are in
your book
2) What are 3 problems caused by
burning fuels?
3) How can these problems be
reduced?
4) Why is reducing them important?
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Sulphur?
•
Sulphur is an element found in many fossil
fuels.
•
When we burn fossil fuels we find that the
sulphur is released in the process and forms
a compound.
TASK
Watch the two videos then think about an idea
for an equation for burning sulphur in
oxygen......
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Can you say what the products are...
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1 1.4 Cleaner Fuels
When we burn hydrocarbons as well as
producing carbon dioxide and water we also
produce other compounds which are not good
for the environment and can affect our health.
The pollution spreads all around the atmosphere
and causes many issues. Sulphur dioxide causes
acid rain, carbon dioxide causes global warming,
and particles cause global dimming.
Sulphur can be removed from fuels before they
are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulphur
dioxide can be removed from the waste gases
after combustion, for example in power stations.
Carbon dioxide can be reduced by lowering our
use of cars and hydrocarbon fuelled engines. In
the media there is a lot of talk about our “Carbon
Footprint” or how much CO2 we emit by being on
the planet.
1.
Name two different
compounds produced
when you burn fuels?
2.
Write a short paragraph
about each compound
and its problems?
3.
Imagine you are a film
star and you need to
issue a press statement
about how you are
reducing your “Carbon
Footprint”. What could
you say....
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Revision – Burning Fuels
Element in Fuel
Waste product Released
Effect of Waste Product
Carbon
CO, CO2
Causes global warming,
particles cause global
dimming
Hydrogen
H2O (vapour)
None
Sulphur
SO2
Causes Acid Rain
H2O (vapour)
Carbon
Sulphur
Causes global warming,
particles cause global
dimming
SO2
Causes Acid Rain
None
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Homework - C1 4.4 Cleaner Fuels p69/ C4.5 Alternate Fuels p70
1.
What does the graph tell us about people with no car or van?
2.
What does the graph tell us about people with two cars or vans?
3.
Roughly what % of people are in each category in 2002?
4.
Can you think of any reasons why there has been such a change in our society?
5.
What impact would you expect by looking at the graph of overall car numbers.
Describe what a biodiesel
is...
Explain the advantages of
biodiesel...
Explain the disadvantages of
biodiesel...
(basic)
(harder)
Analysis of Data
1.
What does the graph tell
us about people with no
car or van?
2.
What does the graph tell
us about people with
two cars or vans?
Roughly what % of
people are in each
category in 2002?
Can you think of any
reasons why there has
been such a change in
our society?
What impact would you
expect by looking at the
graph of overall car
numbers.
3.
4.
5.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
Most fuels contain .................. and/or .................. and may also
contain some .................... The gases released into the
atmosphere when a fuel burns may include ............... .............,
..................(vapour), and .................. dioxide. Particles may also
be released. For example. When Propane burns we can write;
Complete the reactions below. Then comment on the three
main environmental issues when you burn fuels like these
and explain two ideas to prevent sulfur escaping into he
atmosphere.
1)
Propane + ........................-> .................... ................. + ...............
2)
C3H8 +
->
+
3)
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain
carbon and/or hydrogen and may
also contain some sulfur. The gases
released into the atmosphere when a
fuel burns may include carbon
dioxide, water (vapour), carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen. Solid particles
(particulates) may also be released.
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain
carbon and/or hydrogen and may
also contain some sulfur. The gases
released into the atmosphere when a
fuel burns may include carbon
dioxide, water (vapour), carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen. Solid particles
(particulates) may also be released.
a) Most fuels, including coal, contain
carbon and/or hydrogen and may
also contain some sulfur. The gases
released into the atmosphere when a
fuel burns may include carbon
dioxide, water (vapour), carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen. Solid particles
(particulates) may also be released.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon
fuels releases energy. During
combustion the carbon and hydrogen
in the fuels are oxidised.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon
fuels releases energy. During
combustion the carbon and hydrogen
in the fuels are oxidised.
b) The combustion of hydrocarbon
fuels releases energy. During
combustion the carbon and hydrogen
in the fuels are oxidised.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon
dioxide causes global warming, and
solid particles cause global dimming.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon
dioxide causes global warming, and
solid particles cause global dimming.
c) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen cause acid rain, carbon
dioxide causes global warming, and
solid particles cause global dimming.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels
before they are burned, for example
in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be
removed from the waste gases after
combustion, for example in power
stations.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels
before they are burned, for example
in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be
removed from the waste gases after
combustion, for example in power
stations.
d) Sulfur can be removed from fuels
before they are burned, for example
in vehicles. Sulfur dioxide can be
removed from the waste gases after
combustion, for example in power
stations.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and
ethanol, are produced from plant
material. There are economic, ethical
and environmental issues
surrounding their use.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and
ethanol, are produced from plant
material. There are economic, ethical
and environmental issues
surrounding their use.
e) Biofuels, including biodiesel and
ethanol, are produced from plant
material. There are economic, ethical
and environmental issues
surrounding their use.