Transcript Arsenic - USU Graduate Toxicology Program Homepage

Arsenic toxicology
“The King of Poisons”
“The Poison of Kings”
Arsenic History
Discovery credited to
Albertus Magnus ~ 1250
Dartmouth Center for Environmental
HealthSciences
“The Poison of Kings”
Cesare Borgia Italy
Middle Ages
Arsenic Facts
Arsenic Facts
Arsenic Facts
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3 greater absorption, most toxic
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3 greater absorption, most toxic
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
• As0, Ca3(AsO4)2, GaAs, Na2HAsO4, NaAsO2
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3 greater absorption, most toxic
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
• As0, Ca3(AsO4)2, GaAs, Na2HAsO4, NaAsO2
• Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3 greater absorption, most toxic
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
• As0, Ca3(AsO4)2, GaAs, Na2HAsO4, NaAsO2
• Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic
• Human exposure:
Arsenic Facts
• Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species
 soil ~ 3-4 ppm
 water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)
• Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity
• Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity
• arsenite (As+3) – As2O3 greater absorption, most toxic
• arsenate (As+5) – As2O5
• As0, Ca3(AsO4)2, GaAs, Na2HAsO4, NaAsO2
• Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic
• Human exposure:
Diet -- 80% (poultry, fish, meat, mushrooms),
air (mining, smelting, fossil fuels), groundwater,
timber treatment, pesticides, semi-conductors (GaAs)
Arsenic Toxicology
• Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems
Arsenic Toxicology
• Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems
• Proven human carcinogen
Arsenic Toxicology
• Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems
• Proven human carcinogen
 skin, bladder, kidney, lung, liver
Arsenic Exposure
Standards
• EPA 10 ppb in drinking water
Arsenic Exposure
Standards
• EPA 10 ppb in drinking water (replaced old standard 50 ppb)
Arsenic Exposure
Standards
• EPA 10 ppb in drinking water
• RfD 3 x 10-4 mg/kg/day
• NOAEL 0.009 mg/L
• LOAEL 0.17 mg/L
Arsenic toxicology:
case studies
Outside Magazine
Cancer cluster Churchill
Country Nevada
Outside Magazine
Population:
Churchill County: 20,000
Fallon: 8,000
Population:
Churchill County: 20,000
Fallon: 8,000
Acute leukemia:
Population:
Churchill County: 20,000
Fallon: 8,000
Acute leukemia:
Expected: 2
Population:
Churchill County: 20,000
Fallon: 8,000
Acute leukemia:
Expected: 2
Observed: 16
Municipal water
supply from
basalt aquifer
underneath
Rattlesnake Hill,
near Fallon
Municipal water
supply from
basalt aquifer
underneath
Rattlesnake Hill,
near Fallon
> 100 ppb As
Cancer cluster Churchill
Country Nevada
Moore et al, Archives Pub.
Health 2002
Nevada Cancer cluster–
other possible etiologies
• Benzene from jet fuel spills
• tungsten, cobalt, EMF from long-range transmitter
Moore et al, Archives Pub.
Health 2002
Arsenic Compliance
• $19 million Treatment plant constructed
Arsenic Compliance
• $19 million Treatment plant constructed
• enhanced iron-based coagulation/filtration system
Arsenic Compliance
• $19 million Treatment plant constructed
• enhanced iron-based coagulation/filtration system
• As+3 and As+5 strongly adsorb to iron oxides
Arsenic in groundwater:
Bangladesh
Arsenic in groundwater:
Bangladesh
Arsenic in groundwater:
Bangladesh
BBC
UNESCO
UNESCO
UNESCO
UNESCO/BBC
Small-scale water
treatment
• Sono filter – composite iron matrix filter
Questions?