Transcript THE ROLE OF THE NSC - UNESCO-IHE

Law and Catchment Management
What
is it?
The Presentation
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Theory of Catchment Management
Integrated Water resources Management
Water Management: The International Arena
The trigger of the reforms in Zimbabwe
Activities leading to reforms in Zimbabwe
Formation of Catchment Councils
Theory of Catchment Management
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Human activities
Causes of Erosion
Catchment management
Catchment Planning
Water Management
The environment
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Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Lithosphere
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Land
vegetation
Fauna
Human
water
Human activities
Humans are at the center of the activities
 Keeps animals
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overgraze
trump grass and vegetation
cultivate the land
Puts various forms of infrastructure
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roads, industries, mines, waste dumps, waste treatment , etc
which discharge toxic waste
cuts down trees
 burns grass
All this result in bare land & water degradation
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Causes of Erosion
Erosion is a result of a imbalance in the following
forces
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Energy forces
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rainfall intensity
runoff volume
slope steepness
slope length
resistive forces
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soil erodibility
organic matter content
infiltration capacity
Causes of Erosion
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protective forces
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vegetation cover
population pressure
conservation practice
conservation education
when resistive and protective forces are low compared
to energy forces erosion occurs
What weakens protective &
resistive forces
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Protective forces
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population pressure
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conservation practices
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cultivation
trumping by animals
cultivation down the slope
lack of stable slopes
lack of vegetation cover
Resistive force
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cutting down trees
overgrazing
Consequences of Erosion
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Land degradation
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creation of gullies
depletion of the soil
loss of soil nutrients
loss in agricultural yields
water degradation
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siltation of dams
siltation of rivers
chemical water pollution
Catchment management
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Catchment Management attempts to introduce good
management land & its resources practices in order to
avoid land & water degradation
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Areas of focus are
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Catchment Planning
Land Management
Forestry management
Animal management
water management
Catchment Management
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Main Beneficiaries of catchment management
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Soil conservation
water resources conservation
the following are areas covered
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land management
 cultivation along the slope
 contour ridging
 stabilization of slopes
 deforestation
 gradients and stabilization of roads
 streambank cultivation
Catchment Management
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forestry management
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animal management
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protection against fires
afforestation
avoiding indiscriminate cutting of trees
avoiding overstocking
no overstocking
no overgrazing
grazing land (paddocks)
water management
Catchment Planning
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Land use planning
land development & management planning
Forestry deve. & management planning
Animal dev. & management planning
water dev. & management planning
Effect of poor Catchment
management on water
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Less groundwater recharge
decline of fish habitats (pools)
less water is available
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in dams
as ground water
as baseflow
the incidence of flooding is increased
moisture recycling is reduced
Chemical and biological pollution increases
Water Management
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Water Management (WM) is a subset of Catchment
Management (CM) and is the subject of our discussion
The benefits of CM accrue to water conservation and
WM
WM involves dealing with some of the following:
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Socio-economic issues
Institutional Set up
legal processes
technical issues
Socio-economic issues
Some of the socio-economic issues dealt with
are as follows
Water is important for life
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Equal access
Stakeholder participation
equitable allocation
water for basic needs
affordability
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subsidies
Socio-economic issues
water as an economic issue
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water for productive purposes
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cost recovery
water use efficiency
Competing demands ( Allocation)
demand management
Sustainability of water resources
polluter pays
the user pays
Institutions Set up
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Hierarchical (Regional) set up
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national
1st tier (basin)
2nd tier (catchment)
3rd tier (sub-catchment)
4th tier (water user)
Institutions Set up (cont.)
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Responsibilities
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policy
judiciary
regulatory
implementation
monitoring water use
the main issues here are :
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water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level
Management should be streamlined as given above
legal processes
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Institutions
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what is institutional set up?
what are the functions ?
and what are the powers?
what procedure do they follow?
Allocation
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who is eligible to apply?
Who allocates water?
what is the procedure?
under what conditions?
legal processes (cont.)
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Shortages
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who has priority over who?
what are the procedures of informing users of the situation?
how to deal with shortage?
legal obligation of users?
Dispute resolution
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who deals with disputes?
what is the procedure?
where does one appeal if not satisfied by a decision
Technical issues
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Surface & Groundwater
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hydrological monitoring
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monitor
quantity
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scarcity (drought)
– abundance (flooding)
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quality
utilization
Allocate
allocation systems
assessment methods
water balance
Asses
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Water balance
Technical cont.
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Water Development
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flood control
supply and demand
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Water supply
irrigation
energy
demand management
conjunctive use
environmental impact assessments
Water Management
The International
Arena
International events
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Global consultation on safe water & san.
(New Delhi 2000)
Intertn. Conference on water & environment (Dublin
1992)
UN Conference on Envir. And Dev. (Rio 1992)
Rio +5
2nd World Water Forum & ministerial conf. (Hague
2000)
Water for 21St Century: vision to action (Southern
Africa 2000)
International events
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Millenium Development goals 2000
International conference on freshwater (Bonn 2001)
Ministerial Conference on water
(AMCOW Abuja 2002)
Water and sustainable development (Accra 2002)
World Summit on Sustainable Development (Joburg
2002)
3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto 2003)
Global cons. On safe water & san.
(New Delhi 2000)
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Provide Access to water in sufficient quantities
and sanitation for all
Principles
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protection of environment from solid and liquid
waste
institutional reforms to promote integrated approach
community management of services
sound financial practices
Intertn. Conference on water &
environment (Dublin 1992)
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Dublin Principles
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fresh water is vulnerable and essential for life and
the environment
water development and management to be
participator (users planners, policy makers)
woman a central to provision, management and
safeguarding water
recognize that water has an economic value in all
competing uses and is an economic good
UN Conference on Envir. And Dev.
(Rio 1992)
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Dublin principle also echoed at the Earth
Summit in Rio (also emphasized social good)
Principle were a basis for programme of action
in 7 areas
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integrated water resources development and
management
water resources assessment
The 7 areas continue
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protection of water resources(including water
quality)
drinking water supply and sanitation
water and sustainable urban development
water for sustainable food production and rural
development
the impact of climate change on water resources
Rio +5
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Revision of the Earth Summit emphasizing on
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strengthening of regional and international
cooperation in technology transfer and and
financing of IWRM programmes
sustainable development of international water
courses taking into account interests of watercourse
states
2nd World Water Forum &
ministerial conf. (Hague 2000)
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World Water vision was presented with the
following objectives
empower people to decide on how to use water
to get more crops and jobs per drop
to manage the use so as to conserve
freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems
Five critical action to achieve the
objectives
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Involve all stakeholders in integrated
management
move to full cost recovery (pricing)
increase public finding for research
cooperate on managing international basins
massive increase in investment in water
Water for 21St Century: vision to
action (Southern Africa 2000)
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Equitable social and economic development
equitable access to water of acceptable quality and
quantity
proper sanitation and safe disposal of waste
food security for all households
energy security for all households
sustainable environment
security from natural disasters
integrated water resources development and
management
International conference on
freshwater (Bonn 2001)
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Themes of the Ministerial declaration
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governance- primary responsibility rests with GVT
funding gap-making more efficient use of existing
source & raising finding from all source (public,
private, community international)
role of international community-official development
assistance to reach 0.7% of GDP
capacity building and technology transfergender-strengthen role of women and participation
Millenium Development goals 2000
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Millenium development goals include
reduce by half the proportion of people without
access to safe drinking water by 2015
reduce by half the number of people living on
less than a dollar a day by 2015
improve lives of at least 100 million people
living in slums by 2020
Ministerial Conference on water
(AMCOW Abuja 2002)
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AMCOW to support measures which
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encourage stronger and better performing
institutions in the sector
strengthen monitoring and assessment of available
water resources
ensure sustainable water and sanitation
infrastructure and services delivery
promote policies for appropriate allocation of water
for domestic use, food security and competing
demands
Water and sustainable development
(Accra 2002)
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Water can be used to eradicate poverty, reduce
water related diseases & achieve sustainable
development, through
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improved access to portable water and sanitation
water use for food security and income generation
IWRM in national and shared basins
water related disaster prevention, mitigation and
management
empowerment and capacity building to improve
equity and gender sensitivity
World Summit on Sustainable
Development (Joburg 2002)
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Affirmed the millenium development goals and
agreed to half the proportion of people without
basic sanitation by 2015, through
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development and implementation of efficient
household sanitation systems
improved sanitation in public institutions e.g.
schools
promotion of safe hygiene practices
promotion of outreach on children as agents of
change
continue
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Promotion of affordable socially and culturally
acceptable technologies and practices
development of innovative financing and
partnerships mechanism
integration of sanitation into water resources
management strategies
continue
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Plan of implementation
develop IWRM and water use plans by 2005
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a) develop and implement
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i) national/regional strategies, plans & programmes with
regards to
ii) integrated river basins, water shed and aquifers
iii) put measures to reduce loses & increase recycling of
water
- balance with requirements for restoring or conserving
environment in fragile environment
continue
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b) employ the full range of policy instruments
including
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regulation, monitoring, voluntary measures
market and information tools
land use management and cost recovery tools (without
cost recovery being a barrier to safe water by poor people)
adoption of river basin approach
c) improve efficient use of water resources
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- promote allocation among competing uses giving priority
to basic human need
continue
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d) develop programmes to mitigate extremes events
e)support the diffusion of technology and capacity
building
f) facilitate establishment of public private and other
forms of partnerships
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give priority to needs of poor
provide transparent national regulatory framework
improve accountability of public and private institutions
3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto
2003)
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Declaration noted that
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Water is a driving force for sust. Deve. and
eradication of poverty &hunger
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prioritizing water issues is an urgent global requirement
primary responsibility lies with each country
international community plus international and regional
organizations should support this
Cont.
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in managing water, good governance should
be ensured focusing of household and
neighbourhood community base approaches
by
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addressing equity in sharing benefits
with due regard to poor and gender perspective in water
policies
participation of all stakeholders, transparency and
accountability should be promoted in all actions
Cont.
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With regard to capacity building,commitment
should include
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to fortify capacity of people and institutions with assistance
from intern. Community
ability to measure and monitor performance
to share innovative approaches, best practices, information
knowledge and experience relevant to local conditions
Cont.
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Ministers declared that
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addressing the financial needs is a task for all
they should create an environment to facilitate investment
they call for prioritization of water issues and reflect the in
national development plans
explore financing arrangements including including private
sector participation
they will identify and develop new mechanisms of publicprivate partnerships
Summary of the International
agenda
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Principles
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New Delhi- “some for all” instead of “all for some”
Dublin- economic good, gender, participation IWM
Rio- added social good, affirmed IWRM
Rio + 5- called for cooperation on international rivers,
technology transfer, cost recovery
WW Vision- cost recovery, increase in investment, role
of private sector, targeted subsidies
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continue
 SA Vision-right to basic services, promote polluter
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pay but soft on cost recovery
Bonn declaration- important role of governance,
capacity building, Gvt to promote IWRM
NEPAD- increased private sector involvement
MD goals-reduce poverty and improve conditions in
urban sums, reduce people without water supply by
half
WSSD-added reduce people without sanitation by
half by 2015
SADC
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Regional Strategic Action Plan (RSAP) projects
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legislation, policy and strategic planning
capacity building and training
awareness,consultation & participation
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information:
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collection, analysis, management, dissemination.
Transboundary river management, Planning, coordination
infrastructure investment
stand alone special priority areas
Law and Catchment Management
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Integrated Water Resources Management
Water resources Management
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A set of
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technical practices
Institutional framework
legal framework
managerial skills
operational activities
Water resources Management
(cont.)
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Required for:
Planning
– development
– operation and
– Management of
management of water resources
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Integrated Water Resources
Management
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This implies integration of
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different physical aspects of water
different interests of water users
different interests of economic sectors
spatial variability
institutional & legal framework
national objectives
Def. Integrated water resources
Management (GWP 2000)
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A process to promote
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coordinated Development
and management of
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land,
water &
related resources
in order to maximize
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economic
Social welfare without compromising
sustainability of the ecosystems
Case study: Water Reforms In
Zimbabwe
The trigger of the
reforms
The trigger of the reforms
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The drought of 1991/92
Increased conflict
Delays in conflict resolution
Delays in processing water rights
degradation of water due to pollution
recognition of groundwater as a public
resource
The need to protect people in urban area vs
agricultural activities
The drought of 1991/92
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Problem
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fish and animal death
water shortages in most urban centers
conflict between farmers and urban
conflict among farmers
The drought of 1991/92
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Measures
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Water rationing
water shortage area declared
Groundwater shortage areas declared
Water redistribution
emergency schemes started
deepening of borehole in rural areas
Major areas heavily affected
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Harare
Bulawayo
Mutare
Chegutu
Mupfure Catchment
Harare
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Concentrations of pollution in Chivero were
greatly increased
fish died in the lake
The hyacinth weed went wild in the lake
It was realized that pollution of river degraded
the resource
Bulawayo
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There was a serious water shortage
Are was declared a groundwater control area
severe water rationing introduced
boreholes were drilled in the City
water supply was erratic
Nyamadhlovu project was started
Mutare
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There was a serious water shortage
Area was declared a groundwater control area
severe water rationing introduced
boreholes were drilled in the City
water supply was erratic
Odzi project was started (but not finished up to
now)
Chegutu
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There was a serious water shortage
Area was declared a groundwater control area
severe water rationing introduced
boreholes were drilled in the City
water supply was erratic
Manyame-Chegutu canal project was started
(but not finished)
Mupfure catchment
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Conflict between Chegutu and farmers peaked
Mupfure catchment was declared a water
shortage area
committee was set up to produce a status
report
it was realized that the process was lengthy
Increased conflict
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Conflict among users increased tremendously
the administrative court was flooded with court
cases
reports of illegal water abstraction increased
Delays in conflict resolution
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Conflict resolution mechanisms took a long
time to be dealt with
many cases were concluded after the period of
drought
the water shortage declaration in Mupfure was
only realized after the drought period
plans to alleviate drought should form an
integral part of the long term plan of a city by
involving the local authorities
Delays in processing water rights
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The years flowing the drought saw a marked
increase in water right applications
The administrative court failed to clear the back
log in applications
and many smaller ones
Lessons learnt
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Groundwater was a valuable resources for combating
drought
the existing conflict resolution institution could not cope with
water cases
the declaration of water shortage areas was cumbersome
primary uses in urban areas were not protected against
other uses
It was realized that pollution of river degraded the water
resource
many illegal structures were being erected e.g. Masembura
dam, Arcadia dam (in Mazoe)
Water Reforms In Zimbabwe
Activities leading to
the reforms
Activities leading to the Water Reforms
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The Halcrow Report 1993/4
White Paper to Cabinet 1994
the WRMs 1996-2001
the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996
the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998
The Water Act 1998
The ZINWA Act 1998
Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000
Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000
Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000
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Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulations 2000
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The Halcrow Report 1993
Guidelines for the Development of a Water
Resources Management Strategy
The need for a WRMS
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Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of 91/92
Attribute of of the WRMS
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Sound basis for
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Equitable &sustanable allocation of water
Cpmprehensive Water resources planning and management
Pricing and subsidy structure
Guidelines for dev. And action plans
Investiment scheduling
Clear assignment of responsibilities
Improved horizontal and vertical communication
Well defined objectives for capacity building
Form of strategy
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Strategy was to define methods for water
resources management in a sustainable
manner consistent with national policies
Strategy was to be developed by the gvt
agencies with stakeholder participation
Sttrategy was to provide framework for drawing
up compatible and inegrated action plans
Essential components of the
strategy
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Planning and management requirements
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Quantification of the water resource
Understanding relation between people, water and
land
Quantification of current and forecast demand
Basis for equitable allocation nationally and
internationally
Sound methodmethods for investiment priorities
Essential components
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Guidelines for
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Resource management
Demand managemend and efficient use of water
Maintenance of appropriate water quality standards
Planned response to water scarcity
Essential components
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Establishment of an enabling environment
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Definition of institutional forms and responsiblities
The identification of necessary capacity building
Identification of requirements for legislation
The establishment of steering groups, committee and
subcommittees
Strengthening of the planning branch
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Hydrology
planning
Key activities
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Coordination and management of dev. and implem.
Of WRMS
Exploration of key issues, policy options and
establish policy
Devise and implement natonal guidelines,resource
assessment methods and framework for water
resource allocation and management
Strengthen technical and management capacity of
participating organisation
Implement institutional and legal activities required to
enable the above
White Paper to Cabinet 1994
Adoption of IWRM principles
 Holistic approach (integration)
 management at catchment level
 Environmental sustainability
 Cost recovery
 Demand management
 Stakeholder participation
 Gender consideration
WRMS 1996 - 2001
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In 1995 the water resources management project document was
developed with the support of 4 donors
The project document proposed
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The institutional setup for development and management of the
strategy
Institutional strengthening
The capacity building elements of the project
The external technical support that was required
And the costing of the project
In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and the staffing and
equipment were gradually brought into the project
The institutional setup
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The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the lead
government agency
A steering committee comprising of major stakeholders that deal
with water was overseeing the development of the strategy
A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of the WRMS
formulation, comprised of
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Coordinator
WRM strategist
Economist
Enviromentalist
Publicity officer
Project secretary
Driver/ messenger
Strengthening of technical capacity
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This was targeted at the water resources planning
aspects i.e.
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The hydrology
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Water resources assesment
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Surface water
– Groundwater
– Water quality
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Geographic information syatems
The water planning
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Land use planning
Water resources planning
Economic planning
Strengthening of technical capacity
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The following professional were recuited
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External based in the Groundwater branch
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External based in the groundwater branch
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Hydrogeologist
Internal based in the planning branch
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Hydrologist
Systems analyst
Catchment planner
Development economist
Internal based in agritex
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Landuse planner
The capacity building
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This was in the form of
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Training
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A broad range of proffessionals were to be trained in
MSc degrees
Others were to be trained under short course
Others were to have visiting tours
Provision of equipment
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Computers
Software
Vehicles
Hydro & lab equipment
The repeal of the Water Act & the Regional
Water Authority Act in 1998
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In 1998 the new water Act and the ZINWA Act
were passed by parliament and accented by
the president
In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act were
operationalised thus the reforms entered the
implementation phase
Aims
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improve equity in access to water
improve the management of the resource
strengthen environmental protection
to improve the administration of the Act
Principles governing
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ownership of both surface and ground water is vested in the
state, hence authority is needed except for primary use
involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and
management of the resource
water should be managed on catchment boundaries not
provincial o0r district boundaries
development of the resource should be environmentally
friendly
Principles governing
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Principles governing
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pricing of the resource should based on the user pays and
polluter pays principle
water should be recognized both as an economic good and a
social good
Water as an economic good would achieve
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water use efficiency
equity of use
encourage conservation
encourage protection
Changes to the water Act of 1976
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Changes to the Act
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cease granting water rights in perpetuity but water permits
for 20 years
cease the use of priority date system
eliminate theory of private water (underground)
end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow and storm
flow
Minister to declare water shortage not president
Secretary of water to delegate some administration to
ZINWA and catchment councils
Changes to the water Act of 1976

Changes to the Act
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Replace registrar with the catchment manager
Replace advisory councils with catchment Councils
replace river-boards with sub-catchment councils
expand the source of assessor to include farmers
prohibition orders not to suspend operation
make the environment a legitimate water user
Introduction of the polluter pays principle
Division of responsibilities





Administrative Court for appeal cases
Department of Water Development for policy issues
and regulation
Zimbabwe National Water Authority for operational
activities
Catchment Councils for water allocation and dispute
resolution
Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day resources
accounting
The ZINWA Act


The ZINWA Act amalgameted the functions of
the regional water Authority and some of the
Department of water
The Board of ZINWA has nine members
–
–
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–
4 from catchment councils
5 from the bussimess community
1 a gvt water engineer
and the Chief Executiver
Functions of ZINWA


Planning of the water resources
Development of the water resources
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
Management of the water resources
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

Dams
Boreholes
Water suplies
In dams
Water suplies
Provide secretariat to cachment councils
Monitoring the wter resources in terms of
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Quality
quantity
Financing of the Authority

From monies collected from their operations
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
Water fund
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

Sale of clean Water
Sale of raw water
From engineering services
Pollution levies
Water levies
Water permit charges
Fund appropriated by government
Other sources eg donation
Functions of catchment Managers

Provide secretariate to catchment councils
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Receipt of applications and registering them
Keeping a register of applictions and permits and their status

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Application, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewal
Keeping records of permit performance as submited by permit
holders
Technical advisor to catchment councils on application and
dispute resolution
Allocation of unopposed permits when the councils are not
sitting
Repeal of all regulations 2000





River boards regulation repealed
sub-catchment council regulation
catchment council regulations introduced
water allocation regulations introduced
water pollution control regulation
water allocation regulations


Introduces the proportinal system of water allocation
Introduces the proedures for applying for a permit
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
Subcatchment council
Catchment council
Introduces the application forms for
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A permit
Revision of a permit
Cancellation of a permit
etc
water allocation regulations

Introduces the reports to accompany an application
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

Engineers report
Agricultural report
Mining engineer’s report
Environment report
etc
Introduces the relevant fees that have to be paid on
application
Introduces the standard form of
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–
Provisional water permit
Final water permit
water pollution control regulation

Mrs vhevha could you give us a brief on the
regulations
the WRMs Document 2001
challenges




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
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
Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans
supply approach vs demand management
financing the water sector
pricing of water stakeholder involvement
environment management
land/water use planning
gender & water resources management
shared transboundary waters
Equitable access to water for all
Zimbabweans: strategies
–
legal and institutional




–
granting permit for fixed period
removal of priority system
principals to be observe in considering allocation
establishment of catchment councils
water allocation

planning stage
–
no priority in allocation in uncommitted area
strategies

permits in management stage
–
sufficient water
– insufficient water
 priority by use
 reallocation
 ... Water generated
 ....water in storage
 fractional allocation

drought stage
–
declaration of shortage area
– reallocation allocation
supply approach Vs demand
management: strategies
–
market base


–
water pricing
effluent charges
technology based


reduction of unaccounted for water
recycling
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recycling plant
– pricing high such that recycling is an option

water demand management in Agriculture
–
water saving technology
– irrigation potential based on water loss
financing the water sector:
strategies
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government financing
commercialization of utilities
use of the money market
external funding
private sector participation



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service contracts
management contracts
lease contracts
concessions
joint ownership
pricing of water stakeholder
involvement: strategies
–
average cost pricing


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–
blend pricing
catchment pricing
site specific
targeted subsidies
levies and fees
environment management:
strategies
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–
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–
instreamflow requirement
environmental impact assessment
integrated catchment management
water quality monitoring


command and control
market based approaches
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environmental protection
– polluter pays

best management practices
–
prevention approaches
– control of diffusion sources

stakeholder approaches
Land & water use planning:
strategies

Lack of integration the cause of
–
–

land degradation
water degradation
Integrated catchment management has been
sited as the reason for the above
implementation





Catchment and subcatchment councils formed
end of 1999
Water act operational 2000
ZINWA formed 2000
ZINWA staffing 2001
Irrigation department formed 2002
Water Reforms In Zimbabwe
Formation of Catchment Councils
CONTENTS


BRIEF HISTORY OF STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS
EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTIONS
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
THE ROLE OF CCs
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
OLD INSTITUTIONAL SETUP
CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL SETUP
DESIRED INSTITIONAL SETUP
BRIEF HISTORY
MEMBERSHIP
POWERS
FUNCTIONS
CONCLUSION
BRIEF HISTORY OF
STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS




Institutional reforms dates back to the 70s
The Water Act of 1976 introduced Water
Development Advisory Council (WDACs)
based on Catchments
Water Act revision of 1984 introduce
Riverboards
1994 a National Steering Committee introduced
to develop a WRMS
BRIEF HISTORY (cont.)

Water Act Revision of 1998 Introduced
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–




Catchment and Subcatchment Councils
abolished WDAC and River-boards
2000 Catchment institutions operationalized
2000 WRMS NSC was Disbanded (debate NSC)
2002 Association of Catchment Councils
Launched
Sept 2002 ZACPRO NSC Launched
EVOLUTION OF WATER
INSTITUTIONS



Local informal stakeholder groups (where there
are few users and plenty of water)
Localised formal groups that do not interact
(where there are localised problems but plenty of
water)
Localised groups, formalised with defined
structure of interaction and co-ordination (where
water problems are shared by many upstream
and downstream)
Old institutional Set up

Institution have no relation to each other
1994 WRMS NSC
NATIONAL
( WRMS)
1976 WDAC
CATCHMENT
(Rivers System Plans)
1984 Riverboards
Combined irrigation schemes
ICA
(conservation Areas)
Scheme specific
Current Institutional Set up

Inter-linked and relate to each other
CC Forum
ZACPRO NSC
National Level
Catchment Councils (CC)
Catchment Level
Sub-Catchment Councils
Sub-Catchment
Combined Schemes
Scheme specific
Desired institutional Set up

Technical Functions
Basin Inst. (eg ZAMCOM)
Basin resource allocation
National Steering Com.
National resource Distribution
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.
Water Utilities etc.
Catchment resource distribution
Permit resource distribution
Consumer resource distribution
Desired institutional Set up (cont.)

Operational Functions
Basin Inst. ZAMCOM
National Steering Com.
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.
Water Utilities etc.
Negotiation
Strategic Planning
Water Budgeting & allocation
Water Accounting (river)
Operational
Desired Institutional (cont.)

Government involvement
Basin Inst. ZAMCOM
National Steering Com.
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.
Water Utilities etc.
Gvt takes the lead
Gvt participates
Government observes and directs
Govt observes & regulate
Government regulate
Brief History of catchment Councils

Water Development Advisory Councils

Mazoe pilot project

Mupfure Pilot Project

Formation of Catchment Councils.
Water Development Advisory Councils


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
The WDACs had a responsibility to plan water resources,
on behalf of stakeholder in river systems.
The WDAC were only active in the late 70s and early 80s
but latter became dormant.
In the 90s the institutions were found not to be serving the
interests of all the water users minority of the society hence
new institutions were introduced
they were upgrade: RWA was upgrade to ZINWA, river
boards to Sub-catchment councils and WDAC to
Catchment councils.
New institution have expanded roles, powers and
geographic area of responsibility
Mazoe pilot project (stakeholder driven)




The history of catchment and sub-catchment councils
started at a workshop in Bindura 1996
an interim working group was established to form
Mazoe catchment council and the sub catchment
councils.
At the on set this group was stakeholder driven
Government official were technical
a number of committees were formed as back up to the
working group:
Mazoe pilot (cont.)

the catchment Planning committee
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
water availability,
division of the sub-catchment,
preparation of catchment plans,
preparation of an allocation system etc
the logistics committee
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–
to find ways of accessing the people in the Mazoe
to decide on the logistical arrangements e.g.
seminars and works shops.
Mazoe pilot (cont.)



Public relations committee
– to devise on means of interfacing with the public
– making sure that people knew their role in the
process
The fund raising committee
– to devise means of accessing funds to finance
publicity material, workshops, travel costs etc.
a secretariat that had
– to do day to day work
– to co-ordinate these committees,
– provide secretarial and secretariat services.
Mazoe pilot (cont.)

A number of problems were encountered
– finances, logistics, talking the same language and to
understand each other.
– lower tears were facilitated through political structure
and the lowest level was the Ward.
Water User Boards: chairman was automatically a member
of the sub-catchment council
Sub-catchment councils: chairmen and vice chairmen were
appointed to the catchment council
Catchment Councils: members elected chairmen and vice

The process took a period of about 1 year



Mupfure Pilot Project (gvt driven)





Mupfure pilot project was borne out of documentation
prepared by consultants.
the project was approved by a donor hence it was fully
funded,
the two pilot projects stated at the same time & they
launched their catchment councils at about the same.
The delay for Mupfure was on the documentation
approval process.
it gained ground on implementation because of access
to finances and the process had already been
prescribed.
Mupfure Pilot (cont.)





The project had a manager, a chief executive and
supporting staff.
the strategy was to work with target groups divided on
sectoral lines e.g. rural and re-settlement,urban centres etc.
It did not take long to appoint members of the subcatchment councils. However, it took a bit of time to come
up with members from the resettlement and rural areas.
First water user associations were formed. From were
representatives to the sub-catchment councils were
elected.
The chairmen and vice chairmen were automatically made
members of the catchment council
Formation of Catchment Councils




The ZINWA Act and Water Act of 1998 were to be
operational on the 1st of January 2000.
Therefore, there was pressure to establish the ZINWA
board whose 4 members came the Catchment
Councils
the quickest way to have these people in place had to
be adopt, thus the Mupfure approach was adopted
country wide.
by the end of 1999 seven catchment councils namely,
Sanyati, Mazoe, Save, Runde, Mzingwani, Gwayi and
Manyame had been formed.
Formation (cont.)




The Mazoe system took a longer time to develop but at
full development people were already aware of the
purpose of their mission.
the Mupfure method was quicker to establish but the
people elected did not know what they were supposed to
do,
It took exactly a year for the people elected in the new CC
to be in control of the situation a period equal to that
spend establishing Mazoe Catchment Council.
hence would like to believe the that both systems were
equally good.
Catchment Council membership
 Rural
district councils,
 large scale and small scale miners,
 large scale and small scale farmers,
 communal and resettlement farmers,
 urban local authorities and industrialists,
 and other government institutions
Election of Catchment Council
members





Members are nominated by the sub-catchment councils to
be on the catchment councils
The chairman and vice-chairman are elected by the these
people from the group.
One third is supposed to leave office and be replaced after
a year. This is done to allow knowledge transfer from the
old member.
The catchment councils are expected to funded from a
water levy fund administered by ZINWA
a treasurer, elected at an annual general meeting, keeps
the council’s financial record.
Functions of Catchment Councils
 Preparation
of outline plans in conjunction with
ZINWA, for its river system
 determine and grant water permits
 regulate and supervise the exercise of permit with
respect to the river system
 supervise the performance of sub-catchment
councils
 ensure users comply with the provisions of the Water
Act
Powers of Catchment Councils




Employ or discharge persons conducting it
affairs
Pay expenses allowances or fees to member
attending meetings
Defend legal proceedings on behalf of
committee
Pay salary or wages to members engaged by
NSC
Meetings of Catchment Councils
 The
catchment council have the following meeting
and two thirds represent a quorum:
 An annual general meeting of stakeholder
representatives
- receive and consider chairmen’s report
- consider adoption of accounts
- elect new member to fill vacancies
- select treasurer
- consider other matter
Meetings (cont.)



an extra ordinary annual general meeting following a
petition by not less than on quarters of members
when the requested by a stake holder group or a group
of sub-catchment councils sharing a public stream
A week after any sub catchment council meeting of
with it has the notice
Work Currently of High Priority

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
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
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
Understanding water management in general
Preparation of catchment outline plans
Revision of water rights
Allocation of Water permits
Collection of Water levies
Regulate and supervise the exercise of permit
ensure measuring devices are in place to facilitate
water measurements
monitor flows and water use in accordance with a
permit
CONCLUSION








Catchment management is a complex process
Most countries have been able to implement it under environmental
agency
the Zimbabwean context has been driven by the drought of 1991/92
this included legal reforms, institutional reforms and a water resources
management strategy
even thought we have not completely managed to capture all the
aspects
the Law is an important instrument to standardize and operationalize it.
This entails an institutional set up with roles and responsibilities set
followed by regulations to enforce compliance on certain provision