Transcript Chapter 1 - Shepherd University Personal Webpages

Chapter 1
History of Sport and Public
Assembly Facilities
Sport Facility
• Sport Facility Defined
• As any enclosed facility where sports are
played.
• The enclosure can be either natural or
manmade.
• The enclosure has to be complete so that
the facility is self- contained
Arenas
Stadiums
YMCA’s
Bowling alleys
Excluded from the
Traditional definition
• Lakefront property and golf courses
PAF
• Public Assembly Facility (PAF)
• Public assembly facilities include sport
facilities as well as other entertainment or
non-entertainment facilities where large
groups of people can gather.
• arenas, stadiums, theaters, and convention
centers
Theaters
Convention Centers
Facilities in Ancient
Times
• In order to appreciate current and future
issues involved in sport facility
management, it is critical to understand
how far the industry has progressed.
• Facts associated with Greek and Roman
sport facilities suggests that we are still
using some of the ancient strategies.
Greece
• In ancient Greece, sports were
a form of worship.
• Olympia was one of the oldest
religious centers in the Greek
world. Because of its religious
history, Olympia was a natural
site for the origin of the Olympic
Games.
Olympic Facilities
• Original Olympic stadium, built
in Olympia in 776 B.C.
• http://www.vergottini.com/Medit
erranean00/Athens.htm
• Was an extension of an already
existing religious sanctuary
dedicated to Zeus.
Olympic Facilities
• Combining the sanctuary and other
buildings added over time, the
facility formed the first known sport
complex.
• (Altars, hostel for visitors, training
facilities for wrestlers and boxers, a
gymnasium, and running track)
Olympic Facilities
• Stadia
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• A stadia was shaped like a U built into the
hillside, with massive sloping embankments on
each side of the U that served as seating.
Olympic Facilities
• Ancient Olympia Stadium, built in
Olympia, Greece, in 776 bc., is a stark
contrast to the Olympic stadium from
the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games
Greek
Greek
Greek
Hippodromes and
Theaters
• A semicircular and was built
around the orchestra.
• Delphi Stadium
The Coliseum
• The Flavian Amphitheater is usually known as
the Coliseum either because of its huge size or
because a colossal statue in gilded bronze of
Nero in the guise of the Sun god originally
stood nearby.
The Coliseum was begun by Vespasian in 72 A.D.
and inaugurated in 80 A.D. by Titus with a
hundred days of celebrations, during which
several thousand wild beasts and gladiators
were reputedly killed. The amphitheater was
completed, however, by the emperor Domitian.
Coliseum
The Coliseum
The Coliseum
Circus Maximus
• The Circus Maximus was a track used
primarily for horse-racing, although it
was used on occasion for hunts or mock
battles. It had 300,000 seats and was
famous throughout the ancient world.
Built in the 6th century B.C. during
the time of the Tarquins, the history
of the Circus Maximus is troubled. It
was twice destroyed by fire and on at
least two occasions the stands
collapsed, killing many people.
Circus Maximus
• In the Circus Maximus, unlike the
amphitheaters of the day, men and women
could sit together. The Circus Maximus
also had the ancient equivalent of the
skyboxes you see now in stadiums for
professional sports. The Emperor had a
reserved seat, as did senators,
knights, those who financially backed
the race, those who presided over the
competition, and the jury that awarded
the prize to the winners. The last race
held at the Circus Maximus was in 549
A.D., nearly a full millennium after
the track's construction.
Circus Maximus
Oldest Active Baseball
Stadiums 2002
Facility
Opened
Capacity
Cost
Fenway Park
1912
36,298
650,000
Wrigley
Field
1914
38,902
250,000
Yankee
Stadium
1924
57545
2,5000,000
Cincinnati Reds Stadium Odyssey
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Year
Stadium
Team Name
1876-1879
Avenue Grounds
Cincinnati Red Stockings
1880
Bank Street Grounds
Same
1881
Did not play
1882-1883
Bank Street Grounds
Same
1884-1889
League Park
Same
1890-1901
League Park
Cincinnati Reds
1902-1911
Palace of the Fans
Same
1912-1933
Redlands Field
Same
1934-1952
Crosley Field
Same
1953-1958
Crosley Field
Cincinnati Redlegs
1959-1970
Crosley Field
Cincinnati Reds
1970-1996
Riverfront Stadium
Same
1997-2002
Cynergy Field (name changed) Same
2003
Great American Ball Park
Same
(Ballparks.com, 2002)
Imploding Cynergy Field
Great American Ballpark
• Big Ten Football Stadium Seating Capacity in 1990s
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Facility, University Wis.
Camp Randall Stadium
Ohio Stadium, Ohio
Memorial Stadium Ill.
Ross-Ade Stadium, Purdue
Ryan Field, Northwestern
Michigan Stadium, Mich.
Kinnick Stadium, Iowa
Spartan Stadium, Mich St.
Memorial Stadium, Indiana
Beaver Stadium, Penn St.
Medrodome, Minnesota
Opened
1917
1922
1923
1824
1826
1927
1929
1957
1960
1960
1982
Capacity
76,129
101,568
70,904
67,861
49,256
107,501
70,397
72,027
52,354
106,537
64,035
New Stadium and Arena Construction Since
the 1980s
League
# of Teams
# of New
Facilities
# of Proposed
Facilities
Major League
Baseball
30
18
07
National
Basketball
Association
29
26
2
National
Hockey League
30
23
01
Facility Management Facts
• NFL Football
Stadium
Construction by
Decade
• Decade
#Built
• 1920s
1
• 1950s
2
• 1960s
3
• 1970s
7
• 1980s
3
• 1990s
9
• 2000s
7
Facility Management Facts
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The largest football
stadium in the world is
the Maracana Stadium in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
The stadium built in 1950
can hold 155,000 soccer
fans. An even larger
facility is the Texas
Motor Speedway, which has
fixed seating for 150,000,
200 luxury boxes and an
almost limitless open area
to host ¼ million people
for concerts or other
events. However,
according to Guinness Book
of World Records, the
largest stadium ever built
was the Strahov Stadium in
Prague, the Czech
Republic, which opened in
1934 and could accommodate
240,000 spectators and
40,000 athletes on the
field. The stadium was
used for massive
synchronized exercise
programs.
Madison Square Garden
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Known as the “World’s Most Famous Arena.
5,600-seat theater
20,000-seat arena
40,000-square-foot expo-center
Two restaurant
89 club suites
Host more than 600 events each year
Serves as both a subway and a train station
Hosted dogs and cats, elephants and athletes,
award shows, musical artists, superstars, and
even Big Bird.
• One of the famous fights between Muhammad Ali
and Joe Frazer took place at the Garden in 1971
• Example of a successful multipurpose (PAF)
Toronto Maple Leaf Gardens
• Multipurpose (PAF)
Arena at Harbor Yard
• The Arena at Harbor Yard, completed in the Fall of 2001,
is home to the American Hockey League’s Bridgeport Sound
Tigers, an affiliate of the NHL’s New York Islanders,
and the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference’s Fairfield
University men’s and women’s basketball teams. The
arena is equipped to accommodate 8,500 people for hockey
games and 9,000 people for basketball games.
Additionally, the arena is capable of housing 6,000
people for concerts and can hold 150, 10 foot by 10
foot, booths for Trade Shows. The facility has five
locker rooms, seven permanent concession stands, 13 loge
suites, 20 portable kiosks, 14 women’s and 13 men’s
rooms, 33 executive suites, 1,300 club seats, 40,000
light bulbs, 10,600 gallons of water needed to create
ice rink, 6,000 pieces of structural steel, 4,754 cubic
yards of concrete, and took 721 days to construct.
• Based on the 196,300 square feet in the facility, the
cost per square foot totaled $262.29 and the final
construction price was $56,278,684. The original
schematic budget was just under $37 million.
Arena at Harbor Yard
Arena at Harbor Yard
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Harbor Yard Construction Costs
Category
Cost
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General insurance and bond issuance costs
Additional general requirements
Site work
Concrete
Masonry
Metals
Wood and Plastics
Thermal and moisture protection
Doors and windows
Finishes(paint, carpeting, etc..)
Equipment
Furnishings including retractable seating
Conveying systems (elevators/escalators)
Fire protection
Plumbing
Heating, ventilation and air cond. (HVAC)
Refrigeration
Electrical
Construction management fee
Construction contingency
Owner’s contingency
FFE Allowance
Total Cost
$3,379,423 $15.75
408,057
1.90
4,322,600
20.15
4,855,785
22.63
3,238,681
15.09
6,949,401
32.39
586.766
2.73
2,260,087
10.53
1,194,967
5.57
3,721,601
17.34
15,175
0.07
1,640,662
7.65
350,445
1.63
815,850
3.80
2,623,075
12.22
6,911,690
32.21
771,925
3.60
5,885,993
27.43
2,410,383
11.23
(1,777,304)
(8.28)
408,422
1.90
5,305,000
24.72
56,278,684 262.29
Cost per Sq. Ft.
% of Total
6.77%
0.82
8.66
9.72
6.49
13.92
1.18
4.53
2.39
7.45
0.03
3.29
0.70
1.63
5.25
13.84
1.55
11.79
4.83
-3.56
0.82
10.62
Yale University Sport Facilities
Yale Bowl, which was opened in 1914
for the Yale-Harvard football game.
Future of Sport Facilities
• What do you think sport
facilities of the future will look
like?
Discussion Questions and
Activities
• Questions 1-6
• Page 21
• Due Thursday
• 1-17-08