Transcript Elements of Fiction

Inter American University of Puerto Rico
Guayama Campus
Cooperative Title V Project
Elements of Fiction I
Inter
Prof. Daisy Irizarry Vázquez
© August 2007
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Purpose
This module’s aim is helping you to improve
your identification and comprehension of the
elements of fiction present in simple texts
studied in your GEEN 1102, English as a
Second Language II or in any other reading
course. By identifying those elements and by
understanding how they work, you prepare
yourself to read closely and interpret well"
Introduction
Before introducing you to the elements of
fiction, let me begin by explaining what fiction is.
A fictional story is a sequence of events created
by the author's imagination.
Fiction writers use definite elements such as
character, setting, and plot to weave or put together a
good story, as well as to provide the artistic quality of
their craft or expertise.
Introduction
To effectively interpret a good story, it is
important to know these elements. Questions you
may have include:
What are the various elements of fiction?
What is the definition of each element?
Why are these elements important?
When analyzing fiction, one job is to decide which elements are
most interesting to talk about in any story you decide or are
assigned to interpret.
General Objective
After studying this module,
you will be able to analyze a given
story through the elements of
fiction.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this module, you will
1. describe the setting and the mood of a
story.
2. identify the types of characters.
3. differentiate between major and minor
events to diagram the plot.
4. distinguish among the different types of
point of view.
Part I. Read the following
fictional story
The Caribbean Pearl*
The town of Naguabo is
located on the eastern coast of
the island of Puerto Rico. It is a
small town with high hills and very
narrow, curvy roads with shady
mango, oak and flamboyan trees
that flourish on both sides. The
trees are so thick that the road
is totally shaded, but during the
night the road becomes sinister.
It is like driving through this
dark, pitch-black tunnel. You
can't see anything! In fact, it's
very scary. However, during the
day you can admire the beauty of
the coastal ocean while driving
along these shores. There are
many small kioskos, small
restaurants that sell fish supplied
by fishermen who live in the small
fishing village called Hucares.
Sal, a fisherman from this
village, has a nine-year-old son who
also wants to be a fisherman. Every
morning they wake up at 4:00 a.m.
to prepare for their fishing trip.
Father and son begin their workday
walking down the steep hills, feeling
the morning dew refresh their
cheeks as they chat happily on their
way to their boat. Five minutes
after rowing into the ocean, fishing
rods and net ready for their first
catch, they turn to look at Playa
Hucares to enjoy the peace and
quiet felt only in the early hours of
the day. This tranquil time cannot
compare to the later hours of the
day when crowds of people stop to
buy fresh fish and eat delicious
arepas, fried dough, for lunch.
While Sal and his son observe
the shores, they see the majestic
castle that stands on the far end of
the pier. Its architectural details
make it intriguing, particularly
because it is different from the
small, humble homes of the
villagers. The castle has bright
cobalt blue tiles decorating the
roofs and it is painted bright pink,
with its old-fashioned French windows facing the sea. It has tall
cone-shaped towers, like a very old
run-down miniature sample of Disney
World's castle. Many people say
this castle is haunted and the children of the neighborhood do not
dare come near the house. Samuel
is hypnotized by the mystery this
place holds.
“Father, tell me about this
castle!" Samuel asks.
Sal says, "Well, it is said that many
years ago the man who built this
castle loved the sea and guarded this
coast. Thieves have tried to break
into the castle but are scared off by
the spirit of this man. Some people
say that you can see spirits floating
around in the living room."
"One day I will go in," Samuel
replies.
"Remember, it's private
property," Sal reminds his son. By
7:45 they had caught the usual
number of fish they sell in one day.
Sal tells Samuel to hurry or he will be
late to school.
Two weeks later, Samuel
wakes up earlier than usual. It
is only 3:30 a.m. He jumps out
of bed, prepares his fishing
rod, and he heads towards the
castle. He has other ideas in
mind. It is very dark outside,
but he isn't afraid. As he
approaches the castle, he
hears some voices and sees
some dim lights inside. His
curiosity grows stronger so he
walks directly towards the
house. As he enters the front
gate he feels a little nervous ,
but he goes on. He wanders
around the house and stops
when he is faced with the
ocean.
"What a wonderful sight,"
he thinks. He stands there in
awe of the splendor of the
tranquil sea. Suddenly, he
notices there are some
translucent fish jumping for joy
out of the water as if they were
playing hide and seek. Samuel
leaves the castle, compelled by
the parade of brilliantly colored
tropical fish he has seen.
Orange, blue, yellow, green,
red, and even pink are the
parading fish. He gets into his
father's boat and rows to take a
closer peek at these colorful fish
when out of the water jump two
radians orange fish.
"Wow!" Samuel shouts. "You
are gorgeous! Why do you shine so
bright?"
One of the fish sticks his
head out of the water and replies, "I
shine this bright because I am the
messenger of the sea”. Samuel is
baffled, in total shock. "I must be
dreaming. I can't be hearing a fish
talk," he says to himself.
"Well, you're not crazy. I can talk,"
replies the orange fish. "I am a
clown fish that cannot smile anymore.
There is an important message you
must pass on to your people and
especially the kids. Many fish are
getting sick and dying; the waters
are contaminated by the amounts of
trash dumped in the sea.”
The fish continues, "I have been
to the coast of Fajardo, from where
I have seen the beautiful
Conquistador and the Seven Seas. I
have been to Luquillo's deep oceans
near the kioskos. I've been to Cabo
Rojo's shores and have seen the
exotic lighthouse. I've been to Mar
Chiquita. I've been to Aguadilla's
Crash Boat Beach, and even to San
Juan's coastal seas which placidly
touch El Morro's shores. All the fish
are suffering from the same problem,
too. Please tell your friends and
neighbors that we are dying of
polluted waters. God blessed this
small island. It is the paradise of the
Caribbean Sea. Your own people are
killing its beauty.
We, the fish dwelling in your
waters, are worried about
your future. Go and tell your
friends at school to take care
of this chosen Pearl."
In total amazement,
Samuel rows to the shore as
fast as he can. When he
looks towards the castle, he
sees floating human shadows
waving at him as if saying
goodbye or hello. While he
strolls back home, he hears
voices coming from the castle
whispering soft-sounding
words carried through the air
"Samuel … save our island ...
save… save our Paradise.“
* Reference
Mezo, T. & Vallejo, R. (1999).
Stories for the Mind and Soul.
Mexico: International
Thomson Editors.
Part II. Select the correct answer.
1.
The story “The Caribbean
Pearl” takes place in a
a. small town in Vieques.
b. small town with curvy roads in
the mountains of Puerto Rico.
c. small eastern coastal town
called Naguabo in Puerto Rico.
2.
The town’s roads are shaded
by
a. thick trees.
b. clown fish.
c. small kioskos.
3. The protagonist of the story is a
a. castle.
b. nine-year-old boy.
c. a sad clown fish.
4. A secondary character in the
story is
a. Sal.
b. Samuel.
c. the sad clown fish.
5. In this story, the
characters are presented
a. directly by the author.
b. indirectly or acting.
c. as ghosts.
6. The mood in the story
a. is extremely sarcastic.
b. provokes to take some
action.
c. seems very funny.
7. Which event from the story is part of
the rising action?
a. Sal and Samuel go out to fish.
b. Samuel asks his father about the
castle.
c. Samuel says that one day he will go
into the castle.
8. After listening to the fish’s request,
Samuel ran back home because he
a. was scared.
b. wanted everyone to do something .
c. knew he was late to school.
9. Which event from the story
could be identified as its
climax?
a. Samuel rushes back to his
house to get ready for school.
b. Samuel rushes back home to
eat breakfast.
c. Samuel rushes back to tell
everyone and have them do
something to save the Island.
10. The author does not give a
solution to the problem in the
story. This means that the
resolution of the plot is
a. left open to each reader’s
imagination.
b. not clear to the readers.
c. part of a second story.
11. The narrator of the story
has _______ knowledge
about his characters’ ideas
and feelings.
a. partial.
b. no.
c. complete.
12. The point of view of the
story is
a. omniscient.
b. objective.
c. limited omniscient.
Pre-Test Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C
A
B
C
A
B
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. C
12. A
Pre-Test Assessment
12 or 11
Excellent
Go to the Post Test.
10 or 9
Very Good
Review the incorrect answers and go to the
Post Test.
8 or 7
You need
some
practice
Review the incorrect answers; study the
elements of fiction presented in this module;
do the assessment exercises and then go to
the Post Test.
6 or less
You need
to work
the
complete
module
Study the module; review the elements of
fiction carefully and do the assessment
exercises. Then, you can go to the Post Test.
I hope you have been successful!
Elements of Fiction
 Plot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and
Point of View are the main elements which
fiction writers use to develop a story and its
Theme.
 In this module you will learn about the
setting, characters and characterization,
plot, and point of view.
#1 Setting
Setting refers to:
 the environment
 the physical place
 and time, in which the story takes
place.
Setting
In a setting, the atmosphere and local
color are described.
An example of the atmosphere of a setting
would be describing the setting as
comfortable.
An example of giving the local color of the
setting would be by naming certain objects
and characters.
Mood
The mood or the feelings
communicated by the setting is
usually established by description.
# 2 Characters and
Characterization
Characters
The characters are the people that are in
the story.
Characterization
Characterization is the process by which a
writer makes that character seem real to
the reader.
Characters
There is a variety of possible characters that
you may find in a fictional story.
A hero or heroine, often called the
protagonist, is the central character who
engages the reader’s interest and empathy.
Characters
The antagonist is the character, force, or
collection of forces that stands directly
opposed to the protagonist and gives rise
to the conflict of the story.
Characters
A static character is a person who does
not change throughout the work, and the
reader’s knowledge of that character does
not grow.
Characters
A dynamic character is a person who
undergoes some kind of change because of
the action in the plot.
Characters
A flat character embodies one or two
qualities, ideas, or traits that can be readily
described in a brief summary.
This is not a psychologically complex character
and therefore is readily accessible to readers.
Characters
 Some flat characters are recognized as
stock characters.
 They represent stereotypes such as the
"dumb blonde“, “the mad scientist”, or the
"mean stepfather”.
Characters
 Round characters are characters who are
more complex than flat or stock characters.
 They often display the inconsistencies and internal
conflicts found in most real people.
 They are more fully developed, and therefore are
harder to summarize.
Characters
Methods of Characterization
 Authors present their characters either directly
or indirectly. This is called their method of
characterization.
Direct presentation occurs when the author
intervenes to describe and sometimes
evaluate the character for the reader.
Characters
 Indirect Presentation occurs when the
authors show us the characters in action.
 We infer what they are like from what they
think or say or do.
Characters
Motivated Action
 Characters can be convincing whether they
are presented by showing or by telling, as long
as their actions are motivated.
 Motivated action by the characters occurs when
the reader or audience is offered reasons for how
the characters behave, what they say, and the
decisions they make.
Characters
 Plausible action is action by a character in
a story that seems reasonable, given the
motivations presented.
# 3 Plot
 Plot is the sequence of incidents or events of
which a story is composed, presented in a
significant order.
 It bears about the same relationship to a story
that a map does to a trip.
 It may include what characters say, think or do,
but it leaves out description and analysis.
 It concentrates on major happenings.
Plot
 Stories that are written in a pyramidal pattern
divide the plot into three essential parts.
 The first part of the plot is the rising action, in
which complication creates some sort of conflict
for the protagonist.
Plot
 The second part is the climax, the moment of
greatest emotional tension in a narrative,
usually marking a turning point in the plot at
which the rising action reverses to become
the falling action.

Plot
 The third part, the falling action (or resolution) is
characterized by diminishing tensions and the
resolution of the plot’s conflicts and
complications.
Pyramidal Plot in Summary
 Rising Action: The part of
a story which begins with
the exposition and sets the
stage for the climax. A conflict
often develops between the
protagonist and an antagonist.
 Climax: The climax is the result
of the crisis. It is the high point
of the story for the reader.
Frequently, it is the moment of
the highest interest and greatest
emotion. It is the point at which
the outcome of the conflict can
be predicted.
 Falling Action: The falling
action is the series of events
which take place after the
climax; it is where the
protagonist must react to the
changes that occur during the
climax of the story.
 Resolution (Denouement):
The part of a story which occurs
after the climax and which
establishes a new norm, a new
state of affairs-the way things
are going to be from then on.
The author often ties up the
loose ends of the story to have
the plot reach a conclusion.
Diagram of Pyramidal Plot
Plot
Elements of Plot
The plot of a fictional story has its own
elements.
 Exposition: The introductory material which
gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the
characters, and presents other facts necessary to
understanding the story.
 Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to
suggest what will happen later in the story.
Elements of Plot
 Inciting Incident: The act or action that
sets the story and conflict in motion .
 Conflict: The essence of fiction. It creates
plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually
be identified as one of four kinds. (Man
versus…Man, Nature, Society, or Self)
Elements of Plot
 Crisis: The conflict reaches a turning point. At this
point the opposing forces in the story meet and
the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis
occurs before or at the same time as the climax.
 The rising action, climax, falling action, and
resolution, previously discussed are also
elements of the plot.
# 4 Point of View
Point of view in fiction refers to the
source and scope of the narrative
voice. In other words, it answers the
question: who tells the story?
Point of View
 Every story is told by a narrator, who is
created by the author and usually different
from the author's voice.
 The narrator controls the story by talking
from a particular point of view.
Point of View
Points of view have traditionally been
classified as first person, third-person
omniscient, third person limited
omniscient, and objective.
Point of View
 In the first-person point of view, usually
identifiable by the use of the pronoun "I," a
character in the story does the narration.
 A first-person narrator may be a major character and
is often its protagonist.
 A first-person narrator may also be a minor character,
someone within the story but not centrally involved
Point of View
 The author's choice of point of view has a
significant effect on the story's voice and on the
type of information given to the reader.
 In first-person narration, for example, what can be
shown is limited to the character's observation and
thoughts.
Point of View
Example of First Person Point of View
“I have been afraid of putting air in a tire ever since I saw a
tractor tire blow up and throw Newt Hardbine’s father over the
top of the Standard Oil sign. I’m not lying. He got stuck up
there. About nineteen people congregated during the time it took
for Norman Strick to walk up to the Courthouse and blow the
whistle for the volunteer fire department.”
The Bean Trees - Barbara Kingsolver
Point of View
 The third-person point of view occurs
when the narrator does not take part in the
story.
There are three types of third-person point
of view: omniscient, limited omniscient,
and objective.
Point of View
 In third-person omniscient point of view, the
story is told by a narrator whose knowledge and
prerogatives are unlimited.
 The narrative voice can provide information from
anywhere, including the thoughts and feelings of any of
the characters.
 This all-knowing (god-like) perspective allows the
narrator to wander freely in the story's setting and even
beyond.
Point of View
Example of Omniscient Point of View
“The boy with fair hair lowered himself down the last few feet of rock
and began to pick his way toward the lagoon. Though he had taken
off his school sweater and trailed it now from one hand, his grey shirt
stuck to him and his hair was plastered to his forehead. All around
him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat.”
The Lord of the Flies - William Golding
Point of View
 In third-person limited point of view, the
story is told in third person but from the
viewpoint of one character in the story.
 This is also called the point-of-view character.
 Such point of view is filtered through whose eyes
and minds writers look at the events.
Point of View
In third-person limited point of view,
authors tell us what this character sees, hears,
thinks and feels.
The authors know everything about the character but
the reader is limited to this character’s perceptions.
 the chose character may be a major or minor
character, a participant or an observer.
Point of View
Example of Limited Omniscient Point of View
“In his black suit he stood in the dark glass where the lilies
leaned so palely from their wasted cut glass vase. He looked
down at the guttered candle stub. He pressed his thumbprint in
the warm wax pooled on the oak veneer. Lastly, he looked at
the face so caved and drawn among the folds of funeral cloth,
the yellowed moustache, the eyelids paper thin. That was not
sleeping. That was not sleeping.
All the Pretty Horses - Cormac McCarthy
Point of View
 In third-person objective, the narrator provides
explicit, observable details and does not have
access to the internal thoughts of characters or
background information about the setting or
situation.
 A character's thoughts, for example, are inferred
only by what is expressed openly, in actions or in
words.
This point of view is also known as third-person
dramatic because it is generally the way drama is
developed.
Part I. Read the story.
The Camuy Caves**
Terry Mezo
Puerto Rico is a miniature
paradise. It is an island of great
tourist attractions. Many beautiful
beaches surround it. On the north,
we have the Atlantic Ocean and on
the south, the Caribbean Sea. A
majestic chain of mountains runs
through the very center of the
island, beginning on the east and
crossing all the way to the west.
The sun can be extremely hot but a
tropical breeze can always be felt
under the palm trees. Many
restaurants serve divine typical
meals. The island has important
historical landmarks that reveal its
Spanish heritage-places such as El
Morro, and the San Sebastian
Castle.
The Indian Park located
in Utuado is representative of
the indigenous Taino culture.
There is also great geological
wealth. This can be especially
appreciated in the Camuy
River Cave Systems which are
among its most important
ecological systems. There are
caves around this region that
extend to the towns of Lares
and Hatillo where small caves
can be found too. They are a
major tourist attraction on the
island.
Norman Veve, man of vast
attributes as dedicated a great deal
of his life to investigating the
natural riches of Puerto Rico. He is
the precursor of the Speleology
Association on the island. Exploring
caves and studying their formation
has been his hobby for many years.
Thalia, his beautiful and timid
daughter inherited the same
interests. She was not very tall. Her
complexion was soft and of a light
caramel tone. Her eyes projected a
sweetness that, along with her
humble smile, you could never
forget. She shared so many of her
father's hobbies that they became
very close. More than a father and
daughter, they were best friends.
His other children enjoyed nature
too, but Thalia was devoted to
nature and exploring as much as
her father was.
Every weekend he and his
children, Thalia, Tania, and Ivan,
in addition to a crew of friends
brought together by the same
interests and curiosity, would
head for the mountains located in
different towns of the small island
to explore its caves. It is known
that locals had already discovered
some of the caves, but it was
Norman who was among the first
to truly explore them. Thalia
designed and developed the first
maps for these caves and for their
subterranean water systems.
Norman and Thalia shared a
passion for the mysteries hidden
in these caves, and looked
forward to the challenges they
might encounter in them.
On a Saturday
morning during the month
of June, the usual
expedition crew gathered
to continue tracing the
underwater currents
running through the
Camuy Caves. They headed
out to the Enchanted Cave,
which is one of the largest
in the system. Norman's
friend, Nestor, showed up
with his girlfriend. He had
missed several of the
previous expeditions, but
he did not wan no miss this
one.
Everyone was well
equipped, carrying
backpacks, helmets, water,
ropes, flashlights, canned
food, and diving gear as
well as cameras and lighting
equipment for photography.
Thalia, with her note pad
and her measuring device
ready for jotting down
descriptive details to help
her draw her maps, carefully
followed the crew. They
were so heavily equipped
and excited one would have
thought they were headed
for the moon.
They began their hike.
From the main road to the cave
it was about a two or three
hour walk. At the entrance of
this cave, Norman said, "Hey,
guys. We're gonna have to
cross this deep underground
river to surface on the other
side of the cave."
The water was so clear and
cold. They rapidly put on their
scuba diving equipment and
began to dive in. They followed
each other slowly, using their
water flashlights to avoid
getting lost. Thalia was
appreciating the beauty of the
blind albino fish that live in
total darkness and have no
sight.
They all made it safe and
sound to the other side. The area
they reached was totally dark.
Because the sun's rays couldn't be
felt and the temperature had been
steadily dropping, some of the crew
members were shivering. Once they
had set up the lighting system, they
all looked up at the same time and
were mesmerized by the gigantic
stalactites, which looked like
enormous popsicles hanging from
the top. They were also surrounded
by stalagmites that seemed to be
melting into the floor. Thalia
recognized the strong odor of guano
and said, "Dad, I smell bat
droppings in here. That means there
is another way into the cave
because we know bats can't swim."
"You're right," Norman
replied. "Let's find that entrance."
After a few hours in the cave,
they found a smaller cave with its
own lake running through it. It was
impressive. Nestor said, "Let's
baptize this cave after you.
Norman's Cave it shall be officially
called."
They were having a good time
and hours passed unnoticed. The
silence and the calm water made
them feel as if they were in another
world where there was no sense of
time. But before they knew it, it
was 5:00 p.m.
Norman's eyes were fixed on
the water when suddenly he
realized that the water level
was rising.
"Crew, we must get out of
here immediately! Now! Move
it! We can't exit the cave now,
so run to the highest points. It
seems a flash flood is coming
down. If it is pouring outside,
the water levels in here could
rise extremely high. Our lives
are in danger!"
The crew divided into two
groups, but everyone was
holding on to one rope just in
case the strong water currents
pulled them apart. "Stay where
you are," Norman repeated to
the crew. "Don't try... Don't try
to cross over because if the
current runs wild it will catch
you halfway. We're in danger
anyway, but stay put." Nestor
started getting anxious
because his girlfriend was with
the other group. When Norman
glanced over he had already
started to cross. "Go back! Go
back!" Norman yelled. When
Norman looked again, tons of
water were coming down.
Nestor was carried away
by the furious waters. The
others all stood there in mute
shock! The currents were
flowing for about two hours.
Then the water level went back
down. They were speechless,
crying, and confused. On their
way back, they searched for
Nestor but had no luck. They
only found his helmet.
** Reference
Mezo, T. & Vallejo, R. (1999). Stories for the Mind and Soul.
Mexico: International Thomson Editors.
Two weeks had passed and
the group had not met. One day
Norman, their leader, called a
meeting for 7:00 p.m. They would
meet at the usual place. Norman
was preparing to deliver his
message. He stood there silently for
ten seconds, and then said, "I know
we all miss Nestor a lot. I know... I
do. He was a very special person,
one who admired nature and its
mysteries. There are so many
natural wonders in this world,
wonders that we would like to know
more about... wonders that trigger
our curiosity, wonders that open
doors to the most exhilarating
creations of nature. We can explore,
we can do limitless things, but we
must never forget that nature is
unpredictable and we can't go
against it, or manipulate it. Nature
is stronger than all of us together.
It is full of unexpected
surprises and sometimes rebels
against man. Everything we do
in life-whether it's cycling,
racing, swimming, scuba
diving, boating, campingeverything has its dangers!"
He paused, and then
added, "but...life goes
on...doesn't it?" Today, because
of these remarkable
explorations led by Norman,
Thalia and the crew, the
government not only preserves
the Camuy Caves, but has
transformed them into an
important educational
ecological attraction.
Part II. Select the correct answer.
1. The story takes place _____
in Puerto Rico.
a. at the beach
b. in a cave system
c. in the mountains
2. The author establishes
the setting of the story
by describing
__________.
a. the characters’ abilities
b. the time of the day
c. The physical place, the
time, and the environment
around the events
3. The author used the _______
method of characterization to
introduce the characters.
a. direct
b. indirect
c. holistic
4. The protagonist of the story
is_______.
a. Nestor
b. the river
c. Norman
5. The mood in this story is of
____________.
a. the beauty of nature
b. admiration and respect for
nature
c. natural elements
6. The actions taken by
Norman are __________.
a. ironic
b. fantastic
c. plausible
7. The exposition part of the
plot is marked by ____ of the
story.
a. the first paragraph
b.first two paragraphs
c.the last paragraph
8. The inciting incident or event
that sets the conflict in motion
is ____________.
a. the rising level of the river’s water
b. Nestor's drowning
c. when Norman told the crew that
they had cross the deep
underground river to surface on the
other side of the cave
9. The event that marked the
climax in the story is
____________.
a. the rising of the river’s water
b. Nestor's drowning
c. Norman’s shouting to the crew
10. The story is told by
____________ narrator.
a. an objective
b. a limited omniscient
c. an omniscient
11. Which of the sentences
illustrates the story’s narrator?
a. “You are right” Norman replied.
b. Once they had set up the lighting
system, they all looked up at the same
time and were mesmerized by the gigantic
stalactites, which looked like enormous
popsicles hanging from the top.
c. Nestor was carried away by the furious
waters.
12. The conflict in this story is
____________.
a. man vs. environment
b. man vs. himself
c. man vs. man
Post-Test Assessment
12 or 11 Excellent
10 or 9
You master the elements of fiction in this
module. Congratulations!
Very
Good
Review the elements of fiction and work the
Post Test again.
You need
practice
Study the elements of fiction presented in this
module; do the assessment exercises and then
go to the Post Test.
6 or less You need
to study
the
module
again
Study the complete module again. If you still
have questions about the content of the
module talk to your professor or to the English
Lab technicians.
8 or 7
You did it!
Feedback
Remember, the better you learn the
elements of fiction, the better you will
analyze a fictional account and therefore,
understand and enjoy it.