Transcript Slide 1

Control of bean thrips in navel
oranges using ethyl formate
fumigation for export to Australia
Beth Mitcham , Veronique Bikoba
Bill Biasi, and Francine Pupin
Department of Plant Sciences
University of California, Davis
Joseph Morse, UC Riverside
In cooperation with:
Kathie Blyskal and Alfred Hanson, Sunkist Growers
The Linde Group
Ethyl Formate
• Natural plant volatile
• Registered for use in Australia and New Zealand
by Linde Corporation as VapormateTM in
formulation with CO2
• Previously registered in US for control of insect
pests in raisins, but registration expired in the
1980’s
• Registration is being pursued by Linde
Corporation
Laboratory System for
VapormateTM Fumigation
Laboratory
Fumigation System
Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour
VapormateTM Fumigation of Navel Oranges
Lab Tests
Treatment Conc. EF
(%)
Rep
1
1
2
1
3
1
Untreated
Control
Vapormate
1.5%
n =66
0%
n = 50
14.5%
n = 62
100%
n = 177
100%
n = 115
100%
n = 320
Lab Test Methods
• 1 hour fumigation with 1% Vapormate
at 50°F
• Evaluations:
– Initial
– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F
– after 5 days @ 55°F
– after 2 days @ 68°F
Laboratory Test
12
10
Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF
A: Vapormate + 3 weeks @ 41ºF
B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate
Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
(B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
a
ab
ab ab
a
b
8
2
a
a ab abc
abc bc c
ab
ab
cb
c
c
0
TA %
Residues (ppb)
Soluble Solids %
Laboratory Test
5
Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF
A: Vapormate (1.22.2009) + 3 weeks @ 41ºF
B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate (2.12.2009)
Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF+ 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
(B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
a
4
3
a
ab
a
a
2
a
a a a a
b b
a
a
a
b b
1
a
0
ce (
n
e
id
Pe
c
e In
g
a
am
el D
%)
ev
eS
g
a
Dam
l
e
Pe
er
1 to
i ty (
6)
c
d In
l
o
M
ce (
n
e
id
%)
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
No damage (1)
Very slight damage (2)
Slight damage (3)
Moderate damage (4)
Severe damage (5)
Very severe damage (6)
Orange Cove/Sanger Navels-Lab
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
Gillete Navels-Lab
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
Harding & Legget Navels-Lab
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
Small Degreening Rooms at Sunkist Growers
Semi-Commercial Test Method
• 1% Vapormate for 1 hour at 50°F
• Evaluations:
– Initial
– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F
– after 5 days @ 55°F
– after 2 days @ 68°F
Mortality of Bean Thrips
after 1 hour Fumigation with VapormateTM
Sunkist Test
Conc. EF
(%)
Untreated
Control
Vapormate
1
13.7%
n = 145
100%
n = 417
Sunkist Test
14
12
Control Initial
Vapormate Initial
Control 3 weeks at 41ºF
Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF
Control 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF
Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF
a
a
ab ab ab
b
10
2
a
bc c abc
a ab
a
ab
b
b
a
b
0
TA %
Residues (ppb)
Soluble Solids %
Sunkist Test
18
a
16
a
a
Control Initial
Vapormate Initial
Control 3 weeks at 41ºF
Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF
Control 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF
Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF+ 2d at 68ºF
a
a
14
12
a
10
8
6
a
4
a a a a a a
2
a
a
**
*
0
I
age
m
a
el D
nce (
e
d
i
c
n
Pe
%)
Pe
e
mag
a
D
l
e
ri t y
Sev e
(1-6)
I
Mold
nce (
e
d
i
c
n
%)
* ND
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
Villa Park – Semi-Commercial Test
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
San Antonio – Semi-Commercial Test
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
Golden Valley – Semi-Commercial Test
Quality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41F
plus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control
Fumigate Before Storage
Fumigate After Storage
Mandarin Lab Test Methods
to Determine Fruit Tolerance
• 1 hour fumigation with 1.5%
Vapormate at 50°F
• 8 replications of control and 16
replications for Vapormate trt.
• 3 weeks shelf life at 68°F with weekly
visual evaluation
W. Murcott Mandarin
Tolerance to Vapormate (1.5%)
Year 3
• Commercial trials
– Treat fruit in packed boxes with static
fumigation in marine container
– Confirm bean thrips mortality with large
number of insects
– Confirm fruit tolerance with many grower
sources
• Develop mortality curves for adult bean
thrips
• Prepare report for APHIS
Vapormate Delivery System
Potential for Vapormate
• Needs to be registered in U.S.
or
• Needs to be approved for bean thrips
control in Australia and New Zealand
– Already registered there
– Develop efficacy data for review
– True of other alternative fumigants as well.
• GRAS compound
• Effective against Light Brown Apple Moth
Mortality of the California Red Scale
(Aonidiella aurantii) 3 weeks after a
3-hour Fumigation with Ethyl Formate
EF concentration (%)
Instar
0.75%
1.5%
3.0%
First
99.8
100
100
Second
98.8
100
100
Third
99.9
100
100
Mature third
99.5
100
100
Y. Aharoni, Y. Nitzan, and A. Copel. (1987) Tropical Science (27) 155-157.
Questions??