Transcript 14 prenatal and childhood development notes 2

Conception to Birth
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Development
• Prenatal defined as “before
birth”
• Prenatal stage begins at
conception and ends with
the birth of the child.
Zygote
• A newly
fertilized
egg
• The first
two weeks
are a period
of rapid cell
division.
Embryo
• 14 days until the end
of the eight week
• Most of the major
organs are formed
during this time.
• Heartbeat, Red
Blood Cells
Embryo – 45 Days
Prenatal Development
• Prenatal Development Overview:
–Zygote – Conception to 2 weeks
–Embryo – 2 weeks through 8 weeks
–Fetus – 9 weeks to birth
Fetal Period
• The period between the
beginning of the ninth
week until birth
• Now referred to as a Fetus
Prenatal Development – 2 months
11 Weeks
Placenta
• A cushion of cells in the
mother by which the fetus
receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out
substances that could harm
the fetus
Teratogens
• Substances that pass through the
placenta’s screen and prevent the
fetus from developing normally
•Includes: radiation,
toxic chemicals,
viruses, drugs,
alcohol, nicotine,
etc.
Smoking and Birth Weight
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• A series of physical and
cognitive abnormalities in
children due to their
mother drinking large
amounts of alcohol during
pregnancy
• Swallowing and Kicking
• Make it’s first movements
28 Weeks
2-D
3-D and 4-D
National Geographic Channel In The Womb
The
Beginnings
of Life:
The
Newborn
Newborn
Reflexes – Automatic and
Unlearned Responses
• Within the 1st 30 minutes, newborns will turn
their heads to watch a human face even it is a
picture or a drawing
• Human Voices
• Taste preferences – no spoiled milk please!
Rooting Reflex
• Infants’ tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
move their face in the direction of the touch and
open their mouth
• Child is looking for nourishment.
Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes
• Allows for food to be received at birth
left leg extends when infant gazes to
the left, while right arm and leg flex
inward, and vice versa.
takes
brisk
steps
when
both feet
placed on
a surface,
with body
supported.
infant closes its hand and
"grips" your finger
The infant raises up (upper
torso, shoulders, and head)
with arms when lying face
down (on his tummy).
Newborns
are great
at
grasping…
…but
not at
letting
go!
• Newborns are able to
see, but are nearsighted.
• -prefer faces over other
stimuli in the environment.
• Prefer the
sounds of their
parent’s voices
over others
Temperament
• A person’s characteristic
emotional reactivity and
intensity
Temperament
• A baby’s temperament is apparent after
just a few hours of birth
–“easy” babies – eat and sleep
regularly
–“difficult” – unpredictable,
intense, & irritable
–Relatively stable personality
aspect
Physical Development
in Infancy and
Childhood
Infant, Toddler, Child
• Infant: First year
•Toddler: From about 1
year to 3 years of age
• Child: Span between
toddler and teen
Maturation!
• An orderly sequence of biological growth
• genetically programmed (nature)
• But, can be adjusted by experience
(abuse/deprivation) (nurture)
Maturation!
Maturation and Motor
Development
• Includes all physical skills
and muscular coordination
• When did you first roll over,
sit up, walk, ride a bike???
Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development
Cognitive
Development in
Infancy and
Childhood: Piaget’s
Cognitive Stages
Cognition
• All the mental activities
associated with thinking,
knowing, and
remembering
• Children think differently
than adults
Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)
• Developmental
psychologist who
introduced a stage theory
of cognitive development
Schema
• As we develop, we struggle to
construct understanding by building
SCHEMA(s)
–A concept or framework that
organizes or interprets
understanding
–What are your schemas for:
•
•
•
•
Dogs
Love
Chairs
Etc…
When a child encounters
something new, he must adjust
his schema
• ASSIMILATION:
• Incorporate the
item into an existing
schema –
All 4 legged animals
are called dogs
• ACCOMODATION:
• Change your existing
schema or create a
new schema to fit the
new information
Create a new
schema for cats and
refining the dog
schema
Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage
• From birth to 2 years
• Child gathers information
about the world through
senses & motor functions
• Child learns object
permanence
Object Permanence
• The awareness that things
continue to exist even
when they cannot be
sensed
• “Out of sight, out of mind”
Object
Permanence
Clip the baby
to see object
permanence in
action!
Even when they get older, kids
figure out objects don’t go away,
but the “A” not “B” Effect gets ‘em
every time!
Check out this
clip!
toast permanence?
Stage 2- Preoperational Stage
• From about 2 to
6 or 7 yrs
• Children can
understand
language but not
logic
• Fantasy Play
Egocentrism
• The child’s inability to
take another person’s point
of view
• Includes a child’s inability
to understand that symbols
can represent other objects
Theory of Mind
• Children develop a “theory of mind”
around the age of 4 or 5
• The ability to infer others’ mental states
and realize that they may hold false beliefs
• …just because I think something doesn’t
mean other people do too!
Conservation
• Certain properties remain
constant despite changes in
their form
• The properties can include
mass, volume, and numbers.
Conservation
Conservation
Conservation
Types of Conservation Tasks
Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage
• From about 7 to 11yrs
• Child learns to think
logically
• understands the concept of
conservation
Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage
• Child can think logically and in the
abstract
• About age 12 on up
• Can solve hypothetical problems
(What if…. problems)
Check out this clip the 1st kid is in
stage 3 – logic; the last person is
stage 4, she thinks hypothetically
Assessing Piaget’s Theory
• Piaget underestimated the
child’s ability at various
ages.
• Piaget’s theory doesn’t
take into account culture
and social differences.