Transcript Slide 1

ILO
WEDGE Programme
???
‘GENDER LENS’
IN
VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS
FOR
DECENT WORK
written by
Linda Mayoux
ILO
DECENT WORK
AGENDA
Improving
social
protection
Employment
creation
OVERALL GOAL
of the global economy should be to provide
opportunities for ALL PEOPLE to obtain
decent and productive work in
conditions of freedom, equity, security
and dignity.
Strengthenin
g social
dialogue
Promoting
fundamental
rights at work
FOUR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES:
apply not only to the formal sector, but also to the
informal sector where the majority of very poor
women and men are working
WHY GENDER?
Gender equality is of central concern to this Decent Work Agenda for ‘ALL
PEOPLE’:
•
As a goal in and of itself as part of ILO commitment to women’s human
rights as stated in international agreements, particularly 1979 Convention
on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) signed by the
majority of ILO member governments and ILO’s organisational gender
policy.
•
As an essential strategy for poverty reduction because of women’s higher
representation amongst the poor and also women’s responsibility for
children and family welfare.
•
As an essential strategy for economic growth and the need to eliminate
current gender discrimination against women in economic growth policies.
Unless gender discrimination is eliminated, economic growth will be
substantially decreased.
VCA FOR
DECENT WORK
No ‘definitive
map – depends
on:
5. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
WHY?
barriers to entry, different
interests and power
relations and contextual
factors which explain
inequalities and/or
inefficiencies/blockages in the
chain.
STAGES IN
VCA
1.SCOPING
WHAT?
in relation to main
purpose and
intended
beneficiaries
SUSTAINABLE
ACCOUNTABILITY
4. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH:
HOW MANY WHO GET
WHAT WHERE?
the relative distribution of
'values ' at different points
of the chain, numbers of
people involved, proportions
of ‘value’ going to different
stakeholders.
‘GENDER LENS’:
KEY CHALLENGES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Not easy
All pervasive
Different dimensions
Different levels
Interlinked
‘Vicious circles’
‘Virtuous spirals’
BROAD FRAMEWORK
POLITICAL
'personal is
political'
individual
autonomy and
rights
decision-making
legal frameworks
institutional rules
policy and
decision-making
POWER
INTERNATIONAL
GENDER
FRAMEWORK
VOICE
NATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
COMMUNITY
HOUSEHOLD
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SOCIAL
'culture'
kinship and family
control of sexuality and mobility
social responsibilities and support
structures
VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS
VULNERABILITY
HOUSEHOLD
INDIVIDUAL
confidence
independence
stereotypes
unconscious reactions
aspirations
learning/'indoctrination'
MARKET
ECONOMIC
levels of income
control over
incomes
rights to property
and labour
'ownership'
'worker',
production/
reproduction
market/non-market
CAPABILITY
Participatory
empowerment process
and targeted support for
women:
•Power to: skills, resources
•Power within: confidence,
awareness and aspirations for
change
•Power with: organisation for
change
•Power over: involving men in
this process of change
EMPOWERMENT
to make realisable
and informed
choices
EQUITY of
OUTCOMES
‘rich tapestry of life’
crosscutting
inequalities
between women:
poverty, ethnicity, marital
status, age, education,
health status etc
EQUALITY
of opportunity,
power and
resources
+
GENDER
GOALS
Personal
difference and
choice
Enabling
environment
to eliminate ‘power over’
requires not only removing
discrimination but
mainstreaming:
Intra-household
Non-market
Informal processes
Participatory structures
SCOPING
CHAIN UPGRADING:
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
mainstreaming women’s human rights
1) Where in the value chain are women located?
Where are men located?
Are these key growth areas? Areas which present a
blockage to upgrading?
2) Why? Do women or men have the necessary skills for
quality production? Access to/control over resources for
investment? Networks? Motivation? Power?
3) In what ways do contextual gender inequalities affect
access to necessary skills and/or control over resources?
Individual? Household? Market? National? International?
Power, autonomy, vulnerability, voice?
4) Which would be the best ‘basket of interventions’ at
different levels to increase women’s contribution to
chain upgrading?
SCOPING
WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND
EMPOWERMENT
targeted affirmative strategy
How can interventions at different levels of the value chain
contribute to increasing gender equality?
1. Through developing new role models of successful
women’s entrepreneurship?
2. Through increasing incomes and control over incomes
of low paid women within the value chain?
3. Through strengthening women’s voice and bargaining
power within households, enterprises and policy-making
processes?
SCOPING
DECENT WORK AGENDA:
EQUITY OF OUTCOMES
effective pro-poor development
1) Are women getting equal access to
entrepreneurship and employment?
2) Do women and men get equal shares of the value at
different points along the chain?
3) Are women or men excluded from the most profitable
parts of the chain?
4) Why and what can be done?
5) What sorts of social protection might be needed?
6) How can women be equally involved in social
dialogue?
CROSSCUTTING
CONCERNS
1) What gendered assumptions are being made?
eg in definitions of ‘enterprise’, ‘ownership’, ‘worker’ and
so on?
2) Are potentially ‘invisible’ women’s activities within
households or in temporary work and putting out
systems relevant and adequately addressed?
3) Are gendered power relations within and between
enterprises relevant and addressed?
4) Are gender differences and inequalities within markets
and at the consumer level relevant and adequately
addressed?
5) Are gender implications of macro-level policies
included in the scope of the investigation?
GENDER ISSUES
IN METHODOLOG
•
Does the research team have the appropriate gender balance to do the
investigation?
•
Are women researchers available to discuss gender issues with women? Is
it best for women or men researchers to discuss gender issues with men?
•
Do women and men have sufficient training in gender sensitive
questioning?
•
What are the likely key areas of sensitivity which will need to be taken into
account? Might this require a strategy for progressive introduction of
particular questions? What sort of preparation might be needed?
•
At what stage might a separate or mixed sex participatory discussions be
useful?
women who may be less
visible – in ancillary
activities, temporary
work, putting out
systems and
homeworking
STAKEHOLDER
ANALYSIS
women involved in
enterprises or trading
activities which might
be displaced by
some types of
upgrading strategies
‘Gender
balance’
men in
‘femaleowned’
enterprises
men who are
vulnerable to
displacement by
policies aiming to
benefit women in value
chains upgrading.
women who may be
significant actors in
‘male-owned’
enterprises as eg
managers, supervisors
and unpaid workers
(generally termed
‘helpers’) or home
managers
differences and
potential conflicts of
interest not only
between women and
men, but also between
women
economic status
age
education
marital status
ethnicity
health status
SUPPLIERS:
PRODUCERS
TRADERS
Putting-out workers?
Homeworkers?
PRELIMINARY MAP
WHO WHERE? MANAGEMENT
OWNERSHIP
co-owners?
supervisors?
INPUTS
PRODUCTIO
N
PROCESS
DESIGN
LABOUR
Temporary?
Ancillary?
Homeworkers?
Unpaid family?
MARKETING
TRADERS
MARKETS
CONSUMPTION
‘Female markets’
‘Female products’
HOUSEHOLD
MEMBERS
Have all female
stakeholders/
activities been
included?
PRODUCERS
TRADERS
SPINNERS
ANCILLARY
Factory
Homeworkers
TRADERS
QUANTITATIVE ANALYS
HOW MANY WHERE
GET HOW MUCH?
MANAGEMENT
OWNERSHIP
DESIGN
CONSUMPTION
WEAVERS
(traditional
sector, Addis)
TRADERS
HOUSEHOLD
MEMBERS
spin, warp, weft
How many women/men?
Arrow size, colour and visibility
Who gets what share of value?
Line size, style, colour
Governance?
visibility
QUALITATIVE
WHY?
POLITICAL
'personal is
political'
individual
autonomy and
rights
decision-making
legal frameworks
institutional rules
policy and
decision-making
POWER
INTERNATIONAL
VOICE
NATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
COMMUNITY
HOUSEHOLD
SOCIAL
'culture'
kinship and family
control of sexuality and mobility
social responsibilities and support
structures
VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS
VULNERABILITY
HOUSEHOLD
INDIVIDUAL
MARKET
ECONOMIC
levels of income
control over
incomes
rights to property
and labour
'ownership'
'worker',
production/
reproduction
market/non-market
Opportunities/
constraints on
women’s/men’s
PSYCHOLOGICAL
access and
control:
confidence
independence
stereotypes
unconscious reactions
aspirations
learning/'indoctrination'
Individual,
Household,
Community,
Markets,
Institutions,
Macro-level
CAPABILITY
financial
exclusion
INSTITUTIONAL
MARGINALISATION
INTRA-HOUSEHOLD
INEQUALITY
TRADERS
Inaction
Where
to start?
TECHNOLOGY
designed for
men
SKILLS
INCREASING
MARKET ACCESS
OF WOMEN WEAVERS
PROPERTY
rights
DEPENDENCY
NO AUTONOMY
OWNERSHIP
DESIGN
INFORMATION
Discrimination
lack of mobility
MARKET
EXCLUSION
TRADERS
NETWORKS
lack of
mobility
ACCESS
discrimination
harassment
powerless
lack of confidence
fatalism
LABOUR
unpaid
domestic
work
HOUSEHOLD
MEMBERS
spin, warp, weft
VICIOUS
CIRCLES
INTERLINKED
MUTUALLY
LEGISLATION
REINFORCING
REGULATION
INSTITUTIONAL
MAINSTREAMING
Gender
mainstreamin
g
and
affirmative
action
FINANCE
for production,
assets, reduce
vulnerability,
labour saving
technology
INTRA-HOUSEHOLD
EQUALITY
INCREASING
MARKET ACCESS
OF WOMEN WEAVERS
LABOUR
domestic
technology
TECHNOLOGY
designed for
women
SKILLS
technical, design,
managerial, business,
negotiation,
assertiveness
MARKET
INCLUSION
EQUALITY?
EMPOWERMENT?
EQUITY?
INFORMATION
TRADE FAIRS
NETWORKING
Integrating
gender
awarenes
s for men
in all
trainings
OWNERSHIP
Property rights
redefinition and
reaffirming
women’s rights
VIRTUOUS
SPIRALS:
GENDER EQUITABLE
LEVERAGE
LEGISLATION
PARTICIPATORY
TRAINING
SUSTAINABLE ACCOUNTABILITY:
PARTICIPATORY ACTION
LEARNING SYSTEM
INFORMATION
NETWORKS
PARTICIPATORY
RESEARCH
CIRCLES
• value chain mapping
• market mapping
• institutional mapping
MARKET MAPS
Most empowered
DIAMONDS
Empowered
Empowerment diamond
Looks at whether most people
consider themselves, or could be
considered, powerful, how many
people are very powerful or very
powerless, what criteria are used
and why.
Household equality diamond
Looks at concepts of household
equality, where the most households
are above or below this ideal, the
criteria used and the numbers and
characteristics of ideal households and
very bad households.
Less
empowered
Disempowered/
powerless
Violence happens everyday in
form of – verbal abuse, fight over
money, daily consumption of
alcohol by everyday by men,
minor beating fight over “meal not
tasty” by husband, slapping etc. is
something that they have to learn
to live with.
Violence
Diamond,
ANANDI, India
Looks at
different levels
of violence: from
‘acceptable
levels of
violence’ to
extreme,
numbers of
people and
strategies.
Woman being beaten up with stick and other
sharp weapon,
Bleeding,
Cloths torn, and cloths ablaze,
Liquor bottle in hand the man, kerosene bottle
nearby ,
Bigamy by husband leading to feeling of
loneliness/ humiliation/denial followed by
physical abuse by husband,
Father-in-law and brother -in-law abusing
women
Woman trying to hang herself- committing
suicide
Calling woman a witch(dakan) or
"childless"(vanziyan)
Marriage of 17-18 year old girl with boy barely
12-13yrs.
Peace and relief
6 women – all
single, widowed
or unmarried
Extreme violence 5 women
"Beating till you get
wounded (bleeding) and you
feel like committing suicide
is extreme, unbearable
violence"
CHALLENGE/
SOLUTION TREE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Has one central challenge as the trunk
Has the causes/sub-challenges
grouped, quantified and prioritised as
roots
Potential solutions for causes as
branches differentiated by things people
themselves can do individually, what
they can as a group
Necessary outside inputs as beneficial
insects which they hope will come along,
but which they cannot rely on
These are then tracked over time as
ripe, unripe or withered fruits.
Along each branch can be a mini-road
journey to set targets to reach the fruits
or targets.
VISION JOURNEYS
ROAD JOURNEY/ STRATEGIC
PLAN
QUESTIONS?