Transcript The Cold War - Pleasanton Unified School District

Chapter 29
The Cold War
I.
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Origins of the Cold War
A. Soviet-American Tensions
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Soviet-American Tensions
WWII = a break in the hatred… long
history of mistrust
Reasons for American hostility
towards USSR
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fundamental hatred towards communism
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anti-private property
limited capitalist expansion
Soviet regime first act was treaty that took
them out of WWI
Soviet call for world revolution against
capitalism
Stalin and the Great Purges
Soviet-American Tensions Continued
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Reasons for Russian hostility towards USA
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Fundamental hatred towards capitalism
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USA sent troops to fight against Bolsheviks
during revolution
West excluded Russia from policy after WWI
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inhumane economic expansion
Versailles 1919
Munich 1938
WWII good for relations
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Americans portrayed Stalin as “Uncle Joe”
Russians portrayed American troops and FDR as
brave and heroic
Soviet-American Tensions
Continued Again
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WWII bad for relations
Russia
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allied with Germany
invaded Finland and Baltic states
brutality towards Polish allies
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delayed invasion of western front
United States
Opposing visions of post war world
Atlantic Charter 1941
One World model put forward by USA
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Russia (and Britain) had different ideas
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self determination
no military alliances, but one international organization to
protect every country
control territories important to strategic interest
each “great power” secures spheres in the interest of each
country
peacemaking process would become a form of warfare
Wartime Diplomacy
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USA and Britain separate war plan from
Russia: Morocco Jan 1943
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Stalin wanted immediate invasion on Western Front
USA and UK refused but promised Axis surrender
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Problems
Nov. 1943 Teheran, Iran: all three meet
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FDR bargaining tool, gone: Russia now pushing back
Germans
One World double standard: Stalin allowed no say in
Italy
Future of Poland unresolved
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Stalin agrees to help in Pacific once Europe is done
FDR promises invasion in less than six months
All three agree to international organization
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Success
Yalta
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. from tension to amicability
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February 1945 all three meet in Yalta
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Churchill and Stalin meet in Moscow (no FDR) over
Civil War in Greece
FDR in bad health
Stalin power play
Russian troops miles from Berlin
USA needs help in Pacific
No interest in international organization
Agreements
Kurile Islands and other lost territory to Japan
New international organization… “United Nations”
Yalta Continued
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Unresolved Issues
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Poland: “London” vs “Lublin”
Germany
reparations demanded by Stalin
dismemberment wanted by Stalin
“zones of occupation”
Berlin in Russia’s zone
Conclusions
only a loose set of principles
each country has different interpretation
Soviet Union began to move to set up pro-communist
government in Eastern Europe shortly after Yalta
United Nations
General Assembly
Security Council of five (USA, France, England, Russia,
China)… each member with “veto” power
United Nations Charter created in San Francisco
II. The Souring of the Peace
A. The Failure of Potsdam
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Roosevelt believed that Stalin could be
reasoned with… Truman did not… in office two
weeks before he announces that he’s going to
“get tough” on communism
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believes USSR violated Yalta
attacks Soviet Prime Minister over Poland issue
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USSR already in Poland
Germany already divided
USA still in a war in Pacific
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USA refuses reparations
Ensures Germany is to remain divided
Limited leverage for Truman to stand on
Conceded Poland
Truman, Churchill/Altee and Stalin meet in
Postdam
The China Problem
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Chiang Kai-shek head of
nationalist government
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corrupt
ignorant to problems
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“China Lobby” in the United
States
Mao Zedong, a communist
revolutionary, rising in
power
USA sends military aid to
Chiang
Rather than send full
military assistance to help
the failing Nationalists,
USA decided to assist in
rebuilding Japan
Chiang Kai-shek
The Containment
Doctrine
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shift from ideal of unified, “open” world to “contain” threat
of communism
GB announces it will no longer support democratic
governments in Greece and Turkey
Truman Doctrine
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influenced by American diplomat George Kennan
assisting “people resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities”
$400 million to Turkey and France
Caused Russia to withdrawal aid to communist forces in
Turkey and Greece
Result would influence US foreign policy for the next 40
years
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expansion of communism seen as threat to democracy (and
capitalism)
fear of “domino effect” : one country falls (all) others will fall
attack all forces of communism everywhere
*Fake Smile*
The Marshall Plan
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integral part of containment policy was
economic reconstruction of Western Europe
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June 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall
announced a plan to provide economic
assistance to all European nations that would
join in drafting a program for recovery.
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humanitarian concern
economic drain to US unless fixed
rebuild market for American goods
if not assisted by USA, assisted by communist
forces… become communist government
offered to USSR, but they quickly refused, along
with the countries they controlled in Eastern
Europe
16 Western European countries signed up
Economic Cooperation Administration
$12 billion in aid given to Europe to spark
economic revival
Results
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By 1950 European Industrial production up 64%
Communist strength in participating countries
declines
Mobilization at Home
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1947-48 series of measures designed to maintain
American military power at near-wartime levels
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new military draft and Selective Service System
doubled efforts in atomic research… nuclear weapons
take a central role in military arsenal
Atomic Energy Commission established in 1946
supervisory body charged with overseeing all nuclear
research
National Security Act 1947 expanded powers of the
government to pursue international goals
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Department of Defense oversee all branches of the
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National Security Council (NSC) operating out of White
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armed services
House to advise president on foreign and military policy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) responsible for
collecting information through both open and covert
methods
The Road to NATO
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Truman agrees with England and France to
merge the three western zones of Germany
into a new West German republic
Marshal Tito leads Yugoslavia into a separate
communist state… USA offers assistance
Stalin responds by imposing a tight blockade
around western sectors of Berlin
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Stalin wanted western powers to abandon post in
Soviet controlled territory
Truman refused to comply
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didn’t want to risk war through military response
airlift supplies to west Berliners
The Road to NATO
Continued
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Berlin Airlift
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food, fuel and supplies
lasted ten months and
transported nearly 2.5
million tons of
material
Spring of 1949 Stalin
lifts now ineffective
blockade
October 1949 official
division between
Germany
(Communist East
and Republic West)
became official
The Road to NATO
Continued Again
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Division in Germany accelerated the consolidation
of what was already in effect an alliance among
the United States and the countries of Western
Europe….April 4, 1949 twelve nations signed an
agreement establishing the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
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declared that an armed attack on one member would
be considered an attack against all
fused European countries that had been fighting one
another for centuries into a strong and enduring
alliance
Spurred USSR to create it’s own alliance with all
the communist governments of Eastern Europe:
1955 Warsaw Pact
The Open-Ended Crisis
• USA believed to have the upper
hand… series of events change
things
• Sept 1949 USSR detonates atomic weapon…
years earlier than predicted
• Collapse of Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist
gov’t… rise of Mao and communism in China
• NSC-68… a national security council
report that USA must establish a firm
and active leadership in a non
communist world
• report also called for a major expansion of
American military
• defense budget four times greater than
previously projected… BUILD UP is on
III. American Politics and Society After
the War
A. The Problems of Reconversion
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use of atomic weapons in Japan ended
war sooner than expected and it hurt the
economy
Truman was in a tough position to heal
the economy quickly, against the advice
of economic planners
fear that there would be a return to
Depression after war, but that didn’t
happen
Consumer demand helped compensate
instant decrease in war contracts
The Problems of Reconversion Continued
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GI Bill of Rights”
Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act
Inflation
Labor Unrest
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John Lewis led UNW on
strike shutting down coal
fields for forty days
Railroads suffer a total
shutdown
Reconversion very hard
for women and minorities
who would lose jobs to
make room for white
males
The Fair Deal Rejected
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Outline of Plan
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expansion of Social Security benefits
raising of the legal minimum wage from 40
to 65 cents an hour
programs to ensure employment through
aggressive federal spending and investment
Fair Employment Practices Act
Long range environmental and public works
planning
And…. National Health Insurance
“Had Enough?” Republicans win
control of both houses of Congress in
1946
The Fair Deal Rejected
Continued
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New Congress quickly moves to do away with New
Deal reforms
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“Eat less” Senator Robert Taft
limited Social Security
limited education
limited reclamation and power projects in the West
attacked Wagner Act of 1935… resented power of
unions
Taft-Hartley Labor Act of 1947 made illegal the
“closed shop”…. Places where people couldn’t be
hired without joining a union first
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Truman vetoes it but both Houses overrule him on the
same day
Made difficult the organizing of workers who had never
been in unions before: women and minorities
The Election of 1948
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Truman and advisors believed that
America was not ready to
abandon New Deal
proposed reforms in 1948 knowing
they would be shot down by
Congress in an effort to raise
election issues
Troubles for Democrats
Southern Dems. Leave convention
in response to Truman’s proposed
civil rights bill
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Truman
Truman
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form States Rights Party… nominate
Strom Thurmond as candidate for
president
left wing leaves and forms
Progressive Party and nominates
Henry A. Wallace as presidential
candidate
Democrats wanted to kick out
Truman and have Eisenhower run
for president
The Election of 1948
Continued
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Thomas E. Dewey, governor of
New York, receives Republican
nomination… early favorite
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had “insurmountable” lead at the
polls, so most media stopped
paying for the polls to take place
“statesmanlike” campaign…
refused to antagonize anyone
Truman turned fire away from him
and towards Republican Congress
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traveled 32,000 miles
gave 356 speeches
“…I’m going to give them hell.”
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Truman wins with 49.5% of the
vote 303 electoral votes
Democrats regain both houses of
Congress
Most dramatic upset in the history
of presidential elections
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Thomas E. Dewey
The Fair Deal Revived
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Democrats in Senate more hostile to Fair Deal than
Conservatives
no national health insurance
no increased spending in education
not able to persuade Congress to accept the civil rights
legislation… which would have…
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made lynching a federal crime
provided federal protection to blacks to vote
abolished the poll tax
BUT Truman is able to achieve many reforms
raised minimum wage from 40 to 75 cents an hour
approved an important expansion of the Social Security
system
National Housing Act of 1949
Truman himself battled on many fronts to fight segregation
(FDR 1941 – Executive Order 8802 – protected Af. Am’s in
military jobs)
Truman gives Exec. Order 9981 = desegregation of military!
IV. The Korean War
Fair Deal plans would lose priority through a sudden
change of events. June 24, 1950 the armies of communist
North Korea swept across the border separating North
and South Korea. South Korea was occupied by proWestern forces. The USA would soon commit itself in it’s
first battle of the Cold War.
The Divided Peninsula
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By 1945 both Russia and USA
had sent troops to North Korea
and neither wanted to leave…
instead they divided the country
along the 38th parallel
Russians depart in 1949, but
leave behind a communist gov’t
in North Korea with Soviet
equipped army
Syngman Rhee left in charge of
South
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nominally democratic
weak military used to suppress
internal opposition
Invasion
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Not clear if Russians pushed for invasion, but clear
that they supported it once it began
June 27, 1950 Truman ordered limited military
assistance to South Korea
UN
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US appeals to UN
USSR boycotting at the time in response to decision to
refuse communist China
US gains approval, gains international assistance to
support Rhee gov’t
Truman appoints Douglas MacArthur to command UN
operations in North Korea
First physical expression of NSC-68
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aim was not only to “contain” but “liberate”
Truman gave MacArthur permission to pursue
N.Korean forces into their own territory
Goal was “a unified, independent and democratic
Korea.”
From Invasion to
Stalemate
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For several weeks, things go smoothly
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MacArthur takes N.Korea capital Pyongyang
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eight divisions of the Chinese army enter the war
by November
UN offensive stalled and then collapsed
Within weeks, communist forces push Americans
back below the 38th parallel and recapture Seoul
China alarmed by movement of American
forces towards it’s border
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By March UN forces able to reclaim much of
the territory they had recently lost
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take back Seoul
push communists back North of the 38th parallel
From Invasion to Stalemate
Continued
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Stalemate
Truman wanted to avoid war with
China… WWIII
General MacArthur resisted limits
on his military discretion (made
public comments about Truman)
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Truman fires MacArthur on April
11, 1951
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wanted to attack China
bomb Chinese forces
drop series of atom bombs on the
coast of China
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General receives hero’s welcome on
the homefront
Hostility towards Truman
Peace negotiations begin at
Panmujom in July 1951… but
negotiations and war would wage
on until 1953
Limited Mobilization
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Wartime control
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Railroad workers walk off the job in 1951: Truman
seizes the railroad to keep economy running
Steel strike 1952: Truman seizes the steel mills
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6-3 decision, Supreme Court rules that Truman exceeded
his authority
Good effects
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pumped new government funds into the economy at a
point that many believed a recession was about to
begin
Bad effects
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140,000 Americans dead or wounded (Korean War)
USA recently wins greatest war in history, but can’t
settle a minor boarder skirmish?
caused intense anxiety towards communism in USA
V. The Crusade Against Subversion
• Reasons for Fear
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the “loss” of China to
communism
Korean stalemate
Soviet development of atomic
bomb
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HUAC and Alger Hiss
Republicans search for an issue to attack the Democrats
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1947 Republicans win control of Congress and hold very
public meetings to prove that the government had tolerated
communist subversion… name of organization: House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)
HUAC first turned to Hollywood movie industry… argued
that communists had invaded Hollywood and tainted
America with propaganda
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“Hollywood Ten jailed” for contempt (refusal to answer
questions)
Hollywood adopts a blacklist in an attempt to protect it’s public
image
Alger Hiss
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former high-ranking member of the State Department
accused of passing papers to high ranking communist officials,
but cannot be tried for espionage because of statue of
limitations (7 years passed)
freshmen congressional rep. Richard Nixon pushes for trial
Hiss convicted of perjury and forced to serve several years in
prison
Impact
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cast doubt on liberal Democrats
made possible for Americans to believe that communists had
actually infiltrated the government
The Federal Loyalty Program
and the Rosenberg Case
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In response to Republican attacks, and due to the fact
that an election was approaching, the Truman
administration initiated a widely publicized program to
review the “loyalty” of federal employees
In August 1950, president authorized sensitive agencies
to fire people deemed “bad security risks”
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Amid crazed public fervor, a Democrat Congress tries to
show itself as “anti-communist”
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by 1951 more than 2,000 government employees had
resigned under pressure and 212 had been dismissed
Passes McCarran Internal Security Act which required all
communist organizations to register wit the government
and to publish their records
Detonation of Nuclear Weapon in 1949 convinces
America that military secrets had been passed to the
Russians
The Federal Loyalty Program and
the Rosenberg Case Continued
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Ethel and Julius Rosenburg
Ethel and Julius Rosenburg
convicted of espionage April 1951
Klaus Fuchs confesses he passed
secrets to Soviets
Ethel’s brother, David Greenglass,
was a machinist on Manhattan
project, testifies that Ethel and
Julius masterminded delivery of
information to Russians
Easy targets: both are registered in
the Communist Party
Electric Chair, June 19, 1953
FEAR
not only fear of communism, but fear
of being suspected of communism
gripped entire country
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judiciary
schools
universities
labor unions
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Joe McCarthy undistinguished first
term Senator from Wisconsin
McCarthyism
1950 “I hold in my hand” a list of 205
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known communist currently working
in the American State Department…
in the weeks that followed McCarthy
repeated and expanded on his
accusations and emerged as the
nation’s most prominent leader in the
anti-communist crusade.
1952 McCarthy put in charge of
special subcommittee and conducted
highly publicized investigations of
subversion
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fighting for re-election
alcoholic
members from US embassies around
the world appear in front of McCarthy’s
committee… political career destroyed
McCarthy NEVER produced solid
evidence that any federal employee
had communist ties
growing contingency saw him as
“fearless”
Accused Democrats of “twenty years
of treason” (FDR recognized USSR)
Joe McCarthy
The Republican Revival
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Two big issues = 1952 bad year for Democratic
party
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fear of internal subversion
frustration over the stalemate in Korea
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Governor of Illinois
Dignity, wit and eloquence
Democrat nominee
McCarthy deliberately confused his name with
that of Alger Hiss in effort to slander his
campaign
Truman withdraws from presidential contest
because his popularity was so low
Adlai E. Stevenson
The Republican Revival
Continued
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Dwight Eisenhower
no previous political
experience
military hero
commander of NATO
running mate was Richard
Nixon
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Dwight Eisenhower
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“Checkers” speech to justify
financial improprieties (a
horrible, HORRIBLE lie, but
America buys it)
Team work
IKE = statesman
Nixon = mud thrower
1952 Results
Eisenhower gets 55% of vote
/ 442 electoral votes
Republicans win back both
houses of Congress