Transcript Ecologische duurzaamheid

Embodied and operational energy use
of buildings:
How sustainable are energy savings?
13 June 2009
Laure Itard
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1
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Renovation of a row dwelling built
between 1966-1976
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1. Insulation
envelope
2. HR++-glas
3. High
efficiency boiler
(HR107)
4. HR boiler +
heat pump boiler
5. HR boiler +
solar boiler
6. Balanced
ventilation
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3
Life cycle analysis – Embodied energy
resources
Production
waste
Transport
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use
4
Operational
energy use
Primary Energy
4000
Reference
Façade
insulation
HE glazing
MJ
3000
HE boiler
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
1000
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Year
Primary Energy
Reference
500
450
Façade
insulation
HE glazing
400
350
MJ
300
HE boiler
250
200
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150
100
50
0
0
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Year
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
5
0
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Variant 3:
HE
combiboiler
Variant 4:
HE boiler +
Heat Pump
Variant 5:
HE boiler +
solar boiler
Variant 6:
Balance
ventilation
Variant 2:
HE -glazing
Variant 1:
façade
insulation
Reference
Operational primary energy savings
(after 30 years)
100
90
80
70
60
Elec. Auxiliary energy
50
Warm tap water
40
Space heating
30
20
10
6
Operational & embodied energy
Embodied energy
Electrical auxiliary
energy
Hot tap water
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1.5
5.0
Balanced ventilation
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
0.3
HE boiler + Solar boiler
HE boiler
Energy pay-back time: 0.2
HE glazing
Space heating
Façade insulation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Reference
%
(LCA analysis), after 30 years
1.9
1.2
year
7
New built: low-energy buildings
Concrete
Ecobuild test dwellings, ECN, Petten,
EPC~0.6
Heat Pump
Timber frame
Rc= 5 m2K/W
3-layer glass
(U=1 W/m2K)
Heat
Recovery
Ventilation
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HE Boiler
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational primary
energy
Energy (MJ)
5000000
4000000
Reference
3000000
Dwelling A
Concrete, boiler
2000000
Dwelling B
1000000
Dwelling C
Concrete, heat
pump
Timber frame,
heat pump
80
60
40
20
0
0
Year
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Embodied & operational primary
energy
Energy (MJ)
5000000
4000000
Reference
3000000
Dwelling A
Concrete, boiler
2000000
Dwelling B
1000000
Dwelling C
Concrete, heat
pump
Timber frame,
heat pump
80
60
40
20
0
0
Year
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Embodied & operational primary
energy
Energy (MJ)
5000000
4000000
Reference
3000000
Dwelling A
Concrete, boiler
2000000
Dwelling B
1000000
Dwelling C
Concrete, heat
pump
Timber frame,
heat pump
80
60
40
20
0
0
Year
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Embodied & operational primary
energy
Energy (MJ)
5000000
4000000
Reference
3000000
Dwelling A
Concrete, boiler
2000000
Dwelling B
1000000
Dwelling C
Concrete, heat
pump
Timber frame,
heat pump
80
60
40
20
0
0
Year
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Energy use &
Environmental effects
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Resource depletion
•Biotic resources
•A-biotic resources
•Infinite, renewable resources
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Global warming
[Bron: United Nations Environmental Programme]
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Ozone layer depletion
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Photochemical oxidation (smog)
[Source: Alex Fraaij, Kees Duijvenstein]
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Humane toxicity
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Aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity
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Acidification
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Eutrophication
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kg Sb-eq (x1000)
Abiotic depletion
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Reference
Façade insulation
HE glazing
HE boiler
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
HE boiler + Solar boiler
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Balanced ventilation
Year
2500000
Reference
2000000
Façade insulation
1500000
HE glazing
1000000
HE boiler
500000
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
0
HE boiler + Solar boiler
Primary Energy
4000
Reference
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
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Year
Balanced ventilation
Façade
insulation
HE glazing
3000
MJ
kg CO2-eq (x1000)
Global warming
22 HE boiler
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
1000
0
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
0
1
2
3
4
5
Year
6
7
8
9
10
kg Ethyl-eq (x1e6)
Photochemical oxidation
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Reference
Façade insulation
HE glazing
HE boiler
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
HE boiler + Solar boiler
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20
Balanced ventilation
Year
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Reference
Façade insulation
HE glazing
HE boiler
Primary Energy
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
4000
HE boiler + Solar boiler
0
10
20
30
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40
50
Year
60
70
80
90
Reference
Façade
insulation
HE glazing
3000
Balanced ventilation
MJ
kg 1.4DCB-eq (x1000)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
23 HE boiler
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
1000
0
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
0
1
2
3
4
5
Year
6
7
8
9
10
Operational environmental impacts only
na 30 jaar (Renovation)
350
300
250
Reference
Variant 1: Façade insulation
Variant 2: HE glazing
Variant 3: HE boiler
Variant 4: HE boiler + Heat Pump boiler
Variant 5: HE boiler + Solar boiler
Variant 6: Balanced ventilation
%
200
150
100
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Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Fresh water aquatic
toxicity
Human toxicity
Eutrophication
Acidification
Photochemical
oxidation
Ozone layer depletion
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Global warming
0
Abiotic depletion
50
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Embodied & operational envir. Impacts
na 30 jaar (Renovation)
350
300
Reference
Variant 1: Façade insulation
Variant 2: HE glazing
Variant 3: HE boiler
Variant 4: HE boiler + Heat Pump b
Variant 5: HE boiler + Solar boiler
Variant 6: Balanced ventilation
250
%
200
150
100
Embodied energy
Electrical auxiliary
energy
Hot tap water
1.5
5.0
Balanced ventilation
0.3
HE boiler + Solar boiler
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
Energy pay-back time: 0.2
HE boiler
Façade insulation
25
Reference
%
Fresh water aquatic
toxicity
Human toxicity
Eutrophication
Acidification
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HE glazing
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Terrestrial ecotoxicity
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Photochemical
oxidation
Ozone layer
depletion
Global warming
0
Abiotic depletion
50
1.9
1.2
year
Space heating
Operational & embodied environmental
impacts na 75 jaar (Ecobuild houses)
300
250
200
Reference
Dwelling A
150
Dwelling B
Dwelling C
100
50
ecotoxicity
Fresh water
aquatic
ecotoxicity
Humane toxicity
Eutrophication
Acidification
Photochemical
oxidation
Energy (MJ) Terrestrial
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Ozone layer
depletion
Golbal warming
Abiotic
depletion
0
5000000
4000000
Reference
3000000
Dwelling A
2000000
Dwelling B
26
1000000
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Year
80
60
40
20
0
0
Dwelling C
Conclusions
• Decreasing Primary energy use # environmental
friendly
• Primary energy is good/ predictor for depletion,
global warming and eutrophication
• Primary energy is not a good predictor of other
environmental impacts.
• Insulation measures are always efficient
• Solar boiler must be optimized (materials, production)
• Using electricity (not from renewables) instead of gas
produces an enormous increase of environmental
impact
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Conclusions
• Embodied energy in renovation activities is low
 What about passive renovation?
• Embodied energy in new built low-energy housing is
high
 To minimize it should be a main challenge
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