Transcript Document

FIGURE 25.1. Mining in Botswana. After U.S. Bureau of Mines. Minerals in Africa: 1989 International Review. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1989, p. 26.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.2. Open-pit copper mine, Selebi-Pikwe, Botswana. Photo: © CIDA (Crombie McNeill).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 25.1. Major Exporters of Mineral and Energy Resources,1999 and 2009
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 25.2. Africa in the World Mineral and Energy Economy, 1989–2009
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.3. Mineral exploitation. There has been substantial growth in the number of actively exploited mineral deposits in
recent years. Exploration and mine development are continuous processes, so the map of exploited mineral deposits in Africa is
always in flux. Primary data source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Industries of Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, 2010.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.4. Loading bauxite for export, Guinea. Most African minerals receive only primary processing before being
exported. Photo: © CIDA (Paul Chiasson).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.5a. Two forms of diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Diamonds in Sierra Leone occur in river gravels.
(a) Artisanal miners panning for diamonds. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.5b. Two forms of diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Diamonds in Sierra Leone occur in river gravels.
(b) A smaller-scale commercial diamond mining operation. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.6. Artisanal gold miners, Sierra Leone. Many women and children take part in artisanal gold mining in Sierra
Leone; their husbands are more likely to be involved in artisanal diamond mining. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.7. Energy resources. The map shows the distribution of major oil fields in production, as well as exploited deposits of
coal and uranium. As in the case of minerals, the map of energy resources will continue to evolve and to reflect the ongoing
exploration of several previously neglected areas. Primary data source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Industries of Africa.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2010.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 25.8. Oil rig off the Congo coast. The majority of African petroleum is now produced from offshore fields, often in
deep-water locations that may pose a range of technological challenges. Photo: Driaan Louw.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 26.1. Largest Rivers in Africa South of the Sahara
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.1. Flooding regimes in a dry savanna region. The hydrographs show runoff in 1970 along the Yobe River at Gashua and
along its tributary, the Kano River, at Tiga. They illustrate two distinct flow regimes. At Tiga, an area with steep slopes and heavy
soils, runoff fluctuates wildly and flash floods are commonplace after large rainstorms. At Gashua, 480 km downstream from Tiga,
the floods arrive months later. The floodwaters increase and recede gradually, without the extremes found at Tiga. Data source: G.
Kerekes, and B. Alma’ssy. Hydrological Yearbook. Kano, Nigeria: Kano State Ministry of Works and Surveys, 1974.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 26.2. Largest Lakes in Africa South of the Sahara
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.2a. Okavango Delta, Botswana. (a) Areal view of the Okavango River meandering
through the Moremi Game Reserve. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.2b. Okavango Delta, Botswana. (b) Reeds in the Okavango Delta. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.3. Akosombo Dam, Ghana. This dam, constructed in the 1960s, was expected to become the cornerstone of
Ghana’s drive for modernization. The development that occurred fell far short of expectations.
Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.4. Smaller-scale irrigation scheme, West Pokot, Kenya. Photo: Roy Maconachie.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.5. Major hydroelectric projects. Africa has several very large hydroelectric dams,
but only a fraction of Africa’s potential has been harnessed.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 26.6. Collective fishing ceremony, Mali. The harvesting of fish from inland waters is often subject to indigenous
resource management traditions, such as ceremonies to open the fishing season.
Photo: © UNESCO (Ministère de la Culture du Mali).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.1a. Tropical timber in export and local economies. (a) Hardwood for export, southern Côte d’Ivoire. Timber is
Côte d’Ivoire’s third largest export, but Ivoirian forests are being depleted rapidly. Photo: author.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.1b. Tropical timber in export and local economies. (b) Local sawmill, eastern Democratic Republic of the
Congo. Enterprises processing timber for local use make an important contribution to local and regional economies.
Photo: Allen Harder.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 27.1. Major Producers of Roundwood and Wood Products, 2009
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 27.2. Major African Exporters of Forest Products and Tropical Timber, 2009
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.2. Farmland trees, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Trees such as the white acacia and baobab,
shown here, provide a variety of economic benefits for rural Africans. Photo: author.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
TABLE 27.3. Uses of Common Farmland Trees of the West African Savanna
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.3. Bags of charcoal ready to be sent to urban markets, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Many children
are employed in the Congolese charcoal trade. Photo: © UNESCO (Marc Hofer).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.4. Regional distribution of elephant populations, 2006. Eastern and southern African countries together
account for almost 90% of elephants on the continent. Data source: J. J. Blanc et al. African Elephant Status Report 2007:
An Update from the African Elephant Database. Gland, Switzerland: ICUN—World Conservation Union, 2008.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.5. Elephant herd, northern Cameroon. The debate continues about what strategies provide
the most effective protection for Africa’s wildlife, and thus for Africa’s important wildlife-based tourism industry.
Photo: © CIDA (Roger LeMoyne).
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.
FIGURE 27.6. National parks and game reserves in Kenya. Several of these parks are the focal points of the country’s
thriving tourist industry. After Msindi, vol. 4, no. 1 (1993), p. 1.
From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.