Transcript Biochemistry

First functional one developed by
____________ ______________in 1869.
 What’s its primary purpose?

Brief history of P.T.
(3:39)
The genius of
Mendeleev (4:24)

The study of the substances and
__________ processes which occur in
________ ___________.
 Copy
this equation and write down
everything you know about it:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is
this??
 The
term “atom” comes from the Greek word
atomos, which means “unable to be ______”.
 First coined by Greek philosopher ___________
2500 years ago.
ατομοσ
 Three
main subatomic particles
• What are they?
• What are their charges?
 Neutrality
of atoms – What causes this?
 Atomic number?
 Atomic mass?

How small is an atom? (5:27)

You can't touch anything! (5:29)
A
pure substance consisting entirely of
one type of _______
 Atoms
of the same element that differ in
the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2
on p. 36.)
Isotopes
of
hydrogen
 Substance
formed by the chemical union
of two or more ___________
Chemical
structure
of NaCl
 Way
of showing the chemical
______________ of a compound (C6H12O6)
 It tells us (1) the _____________ in the
compound and (2) their __________ (how
many atoms there are of each element).
 Bond
formed when one or more electrons
are _____________ from one atom to
another
 Bond
formed when
electrons are
__________ between
atoms; stronger and far
more common in
organisms than ionic

Ionic and covalent bonds
(1:57)
Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom
covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another
molecule.
 H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more
protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to
them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms
partially _____.
 H bonding (:56)

 Slight
attraction that develops between
____________ ____________ regions of
molecules (mainly ______ molecules)
 Van
der Waals and the gecko (8:22)
Gecko's foot
 Surface
tension is a property of the _____ of a
_____ that allows it to resist an external force
due to cohesive forces.
 Surface tension (1:24)
 Attraction
between molecules of the
___________ substance
BELLY FLOP!!
 Attraction
between molecules of
_____________ substances; makes life
possible – How??
Notice how the
water adheres to
the glass and
forms a ________.
 Even
distribution of a solute in a ________
• Example: Saltwater (Salt is the ______ and water
is the _______.)
 Heterogeneous
mixture of undissolved
_________ in a solvent




Indicates the concentration of
______ ___________ in a solution
Acid – any compound that forms
_____ _________ in a solution
(________ on pH scale)
Base – any compound that forms
______ __________ in solution
(________ on pH scale)
Buffers – weak _______or
________ that counteract strong
acids or bases to prevent sudden,
sharp changes in ______
 The
study of all compounds containing
carbon is called __________ ___________.
 Carbon has four valance ___________ that
can covalently bond with electrons of
other atoms
 It readily combines with other _________
atoms to form straight and branching
_________ and will also form _________.
 Forms single, double, and triple covalent
_______
Nanotube bandage for preemies
 Proteins: Always
made of an __________
group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and
an R-group.
 The _____ __________ is what differentiates
an amino acid. (See Fig. 2-16 on p. 47.)
 Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and
_______________ production.
 _________ ________are the building blocks.
 End with –ine (ex: valine)
 CHONS
 When in doubt, say . . . 

What do proteins do? (4:07)
 There
are four
levels of protein
structure (from
simple to complex):
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary
 Nucleic
acids: formed from ___________,
which consist of a 5-carbon ____________,
a ________________ group, and a
nitrogenous base
 They store and transmit ___________
information.
 Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and
_______
 PONCH
 DNA and proteins (3:24)
 Carbohydrates: formed
from C, H, and O
most often in the ratio of _________
(glucose – C6H12O6)
 Main source of __________
 Made from ________(Sugars end in –ose.)
 Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides
 Cellulose – most abundant organic
chemical on Earth (polysaccharide)
 CHO
 Lipids: Large, mostly
insoluble molecules
 Fats, oils, and
waxes
 Used to store _________and make up
important parts of membranes, especially
_______ membrane
 Formed when a _____________ combines
with a _______ acid
 Saturated and ____________
• Chemically speaking, what’s the difference?
 CHO
 Processes
that ___________one set of
chemicals into another
 Reactant
– element or compound that
_________ a chemical reaction
 Product
- element or compound
_____________ by a chemical reaction
 C6H12O6
+ 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(_________)
(__________)
 Biological
(organic) catalysts that _________
up chemical __________by lowering the
activation ___________
 End with –________ and their name is related
to the compound they act upon
 Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction
that breaks down the disaccharide lactose
into the monosaccharides galactose and
glucose
 Introduction to enzymes (4:46)
Roles of Enzymes (3:35)
 Affected
by temp, pressure, and pH
 These factors can change the _________ of
the enzymes (_____________), making them
non-functional.
 Substrates and active site – What are they?
 Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)