Beheersing van Botrytis-effecten bij snijbloemendistributie
Download
Report
Transcript Beheersing van Botrytis-effecten bij snijbloemendistributie
More (potted) plants in sea containers
- Technical innovations for added value
H.A.M Boerrigter
Contact: [email protected]
Content
Reefer containers: a sustainable transport method
Quest regular control mode
State of the art of climate control in containers
Factors influencing quality of potted plants
Expected developments (near) future
• Balance between new technology and logistics
Conclusion
New returnable cargo carrier for starting material and plants
Ocean transport is a sustainable method
Fuel consumption and CO2 emission*
Ctr. Vessel**
Train
(Electric)
Train
(Diesel)
Truck
Boeing 747
Energy
(kWh/tkm)
0.023
0.043
0.067
0.18
2
CO2-emission
(g/tkm)
10.5
44.1
17
50
552
km per kWh/ton cargo
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Boeing
Truck
Train
Ctr.
Vessel
A large container vessel carries a fully
loaded container 35 km using 1 litre
fuel
*Data from Network for Transport and Environment
AFSG – Carrier – Maersk: Quest power savings
50% reduction of energy
consumption in reefer transport,
- while maintaining produce quality
Full 40’ container test (on-land, 50
Hz) with bell pepper:
- power usage: 4.8 -> 1.2 kW
- 75% energy saving
QUEST helps fight global warming
QUEST reduces CO2 emissions for cooling by 50%
After complete implementation by the end of 2008 the Maersk Line fleet
will save 325,000 ton CO2 per year!
An enormous amount of savings! Compare to:
- 0.2 ton CO2 savings for the life span of a saving lamp
- 2 billion car km’s emission equivalent
Potted plant quality related transport conditions
Time
Temperature
Relative humidity
Oxygen/Carbon dioxide
Moisture, water
CA and MA-packaging
Dark/Light
Adaptation and LED’s applied during transport
Ethylene
T&T; real time monitoring
Transport time
Organize logistics properly
Inland trucking to port
Select best corridor
• minimal transport time
• multimodal solution: truck-train-barges
Avoid transshipments: Panama!
Service level of shippers varies
• Depends on local offices, facilities and competition
Be aware of procedures and legislation
USA: Homeland Security
EU/Nl.: PD (phytosanitairy insp.)
ISPM 15: wooden packaging and pallets
“Time” developments in ocean freight
(Near) future outlook
Fresh volumes increase due to increased global sourcing
Need for Reefers increases: availability may be a problem
CL services and existing lines are not (only) determined by
“Perishables” and may change
CL improve services steadily
• chilled cargo pays off
• learning by doing
Temperature
In Reefer containers excellent T-control
Packaging density may cause problems
• Allow air circulation along and through packaging/ load carrier (stacks)
• Open stacks/packs: T=OK -> high air circulation may cause dehydration
High initial temperature: pre-cool before loading!
Temperature
Optimal T-settings specific for different species
Current practice: 15°C (mixed load)
Relative high temperature -> microbiological decay
Zamioculcas 1 = bad 6 = good
6
5
13C
4
15C
3
17C
2
15Ctr
1
Control
0
DU
WU
F
Control 20ºC
13°C is too low temp./ F=disinfection
“Temperature” development in ocean freight
(Near) future outlook
Better knowledge of optimal temperatures per variety
Use of AFSG energy saving T-control system: Quest
Fixed temperature set points -> temperature programs
• Adaptation to colder transport without chilling injury
1
2
3
7
14
21d
Codiaeum
30°C
25
20
15
10
5 °C
Transport temperature
Relative humidity
RH is result of:
Transpiration of plants and (watered) soil in pot
• Control via packaging (sleeving), liners, stacking, anti transpirent/coating
RH-control in Reefer container is difficult
RH control “on” means dry conditions <75% (or wet >95%)
Sensor not robust: calibration necessary before every trip
RH control “off”: currently best practice: RH=85-95%
“RH/moisture control” developments
Not accurate with current technology
CL will not invest in better RH control via cool unit
Limited dehydration capacity
RH sensitive plants need:
Adequate packaging
Optimal watered pots
Other smart solutions
Controlled Atmosphere and MA-packaging
CA technology in Reefer containers available-> low O2/high CO2
Application of CA
Everfresh, Transfresh, AFAM etc.
Added value: limited, unclear
Flowering plants may benefit most
High CO2 often phyto-toxic
Extra costs: 1500 US$/shipment
Alternative is MA-packaging
high humidity
decay
Positive effect after CA-transport!
Begonia "Netja"
flowering (score)
350
300
transport
recoveryperiod
250
200
Standaard
150
MA / CA
100
50
0
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
time (days)
15
20
25
30
“CA/MA” developments in ocean freight
Potted plant reactions poorly understood
Hurdle technology approach = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 -> 5
Need further research to determine added value
Many variables need to be tested in combination
CA + RH-control + Smartfresh + ?? = super quality
CA transport cheaper: more robust technology
ULO in transport not feasible because of leaks
Dark/Light
Light = best method for plant quality maintenance
Adapt plants to low light before long term dark transport
Lowering light/RH = Time, facilities, organisation
LED’s in transport
Feasibility study AFSG
Relative high amount of PAR-light necessary
High density packaging: limited leaf area for direct PAR
• Innovative constructions/ideas necessary: power supply, reflectors etc.
Simulated transport
A
B
C
D
Future (LED) light in ocean freight
R&D will intensify because of improved LED’s
No integration in ctr.: not relevant for one commodity
No solution yet for power supply, return logistics, etc.
Light integration only viable in cargo carrier
Packing density restricts light application in containers
Ethylene
Pot plants in dark: dark stress -> ethylene
Leaf yellowing, leaf and bud abscission
Easy removal through adequate ventilation
Ethylene scrubbers: limited value, costly
Protect plants inside! by blocking ethylene receptors
• STS spraying
• Smartfresh (1-mcp) gas treatment
• CO2: might be fytotoxic
Extend, Exten-o-life, Purafil, Bio-conservacion, Ethysorb
Effect of RH on ethylene scrubber
100
Al2O3 impregnated with KMnO4
Needs a flow-through system
90
RH (%)
80
20 kg
40 kg
none
70
60
50
0
100
200
300
vent. eq. (m3/h)
Putting sachets in boxes: no effect on ethylene conc.
Ethylene filters: not a smart option/solution, only in CA!
400
1-mcp gas treatment in transport of hibiscus
number of fallen buds (per plant)
bud drop Hibiscus
during 6 days dark transport
during following 1 week
total
14
12
10
8
6
no bud drop
4
2
0
untreated
treated
“Ethylene” developments in ocean freight
STS: subject of environmental discussion
Scrubbers/ adsorbents: only in CA
Slow release system for continuous 1-mcp
treatment necessary and coming up
Hurdle technology best solution
Example: CA + RH + 1-mcp + ??
Tracking and tracing
State of the art
Via websites of CL’s: when is my container where
General Food Law and abuses (drugs)
Safeguarding the supply chain
Make containers tamperproof
• Mechanical seals
• Electronic seals
Tracing and tracking: TREC (IBM)
Control of door opening, location, settings, cargo temperature, ethylene
Tracing and tracking developments in ocean freight
Systems and prototypes available
Not priced yet
Legal limitations: Rome treaty, Bill of lading, claims
Low cost sensor developments ongoing
Allowing treatments/actions in transit
• Temperature change
• Gas treatment: ripening on board
Conclusion (near) future: ctr. technolgy
Innovations integrated in Reefer ctr’s technology
T&T and safeguarding wireless systems will be implemented
only viable for big volumes or relevant for most “perishables”
potted plants in global fresh trade is a relative small volume
no specific potted plant technology in containers
Still legal and price thresholds
Need for robust low cost climate/gas sensors: ethylene!
Hurdle technology approach best method to ensure quality in
ocean freight distribution of potted plants
More specific product research necessary
Thank you for your attention
Any questions?