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ONLINE SELF-STUDY
Lead in Construction Standard
OSHA 29 CFR 1926.62
Lead in Construction Standard
This training will cover the following topics:
• Health hazards of lead
• How employees are exposed to lead
• How to control lead exposure
• Respiratory protection
• Medical monitoring
• Medical removal
• OSHA Lead standards
Lead in Construction Standard
This standard applies to all construction work where
an employee may be occupationally exposed to any
amount of lead.
Construction work is defined as work for
construction, alteration and/or repair.
Construction work also includes painting and
decorating.
Lead in Construction Standard
Construction work that disturbs lead-containing
materials includes but is not limited to:
Demolition and salvage
Removal or encapsulation
New construction or renovation
Transportation, disposal, storage
Maintenance activities
Lead in Construction Standard
The goal of the OSHA Lead in Construction
Standard is to prevent employee inhalation
and ingestion of harmful amounts of lead.
Health Hazards of Lead
Lead is hazardous to your health if too
much of it gets into your body. Here’s what
it can cause:
Headaches, tiredness and
insomnia
Loss of appetite and stomach pain
Pain, weakness or twitching in
your muscles
Reproductive and birth defects
Kidney damage
Permanent brain and nerve damage
Health Hazards of Lead
Effects on Reproduction
Lead is especially harmful to the fetus
in a pregnant woman.
Lead is also harmful to men
and women trying to have
children.
Health Hazards of Lead
Effects of Lead on Children
Children are very susceptible
to the effects of lead.
The amount that can harm
them is much less than adults.
It is important not to take any
lead dust home on your
clothing.
How Can Lead Get in Your Body?
You can get lead into your body by:
Inhaling lead dust or lead spray paint,
Inhaling lead fumes from
welding or burning lead paint,
Swallowing lead dust on your hands
while eating, drinking or smoking.
Some Jobs at UNC-CH Where You
Could be Exposed to Lead
Removing lead-containing
paint on old academic
buildings or houses,
Grinding or sandblasting lead
paint on metal structures,
Cutting or removing lead
pipe in old buildings,
Using solder that contains
lead.
Lead Paint on Bridges
Bridge work frequently results in
lead over exposure since most
bridges are covered with lead
paint.
Health Hazards of Lead
Is There a Safe Amount of Lead?
There is a level that
cannot be legally
exceeded. This is called
the “permissible exposure
limit” or PEL.
In your blood: no more
than 40 micrograms of
lead per deciliter
(µg/dL).
Both of these limits are in the
OSHA regulations on lead.
In the air: no more
than 50 micrograms of
lead per cubic meter
(µg/m3).
Health Hazards of Lead
Lead “Action Level”
When the amount of lead in the air is above the
“action level” of 30 micrograms per cubic meter
(µg/m3), employers are required to:
- Conduct air monitoring
- Provide medical surveillance
- Provide training
The Action Level is 60% of the permissible exposure limit (PEL)
Health Hazards of Lead
Understanding Units of Measurement
A microgram (µg) is one millionth of a gram.
Imagine dividing a penny into two million pieces.
The weight of one piece equals a µg.
Grind up 30 pieces and release the dust inside a
box approximately 3’ by 3’ by 3’ box. This amount
of dust equals the Action Level of 30 µg/m3.
3 ft
3 ft
3 ft
Health Hazards of Lead
Understanding Units of Measurement
A gram is about one packet of sugar.
A microgram (µg) is one millionth of a
gram.
A cup of coffee is approximately one
deciliter (dL).
So 40 micrograms in one deciliter of
blood is also a very, very small amount
– one granule of sugar in the cup of
coffee, as an approximate comparison.
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring
Employers must assume over exposure for
employees until air monitoring results prove
otherwise.
Employee exposure is determined by performing
personal air monitoring.
Employee exposure is determined as if the employee
were not using a respirator.
Employers must provide basic protective measures
for employees during initial air monitoring.
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring
Enivronment Health and Safety (EHS)
conducts monitoring of lead in the air by
attaching an air sampling device to
employees working around lead.
Employees have the right to observe this
monitoring.
Contact EHS (962-5507) to determine if
air monitoring is required prior to
performing activities that disturb lead.
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring
EHS conducts inspections
prior to air monitoring to
determine the lead
concentration of the material
that will be disturbed.
The lead concentration is
typically measured in
milligrams per square
centimeter (mg/cm2) by an
instrument that uses XRF (xray fluorescence).
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring
Employers may rely on previous air monitoring
results performed in the past 12 months if such
sampling was conducted during work activities
essentially similar to present exposure conditions
such as:
Type of material (i.e., concrete, drywall, plaster)
Lead concentration in material
Task (i.e., wet scraping of paint or demolition)
Environmental conditions (i.e., indoor or outdoor)
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring Example
Assume EHS conducted air monitoring on 12/21/2008
during the repainting of Room 100 in Beard Hall.
The paint in the room contained 0.8 mg/cm2 of lead.
The Paint Shop removed loose paint on the drywall by
wet scraping.
The air monitoring results indicated that there was no
lead present in the air during the paint removal.
Beard Hall
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring Example 1
Now assume on 07/23/2009 repainting was
conducted in Davie Hall, Room 200. The repainting
involved wet scraping of painted drywall.
The paint in the room contained 0.5 mg/cm2 of lead.
The air monitoring results from Beard Hall can be
applied to Davie Hall because the results were
collected within the last 12 months and the exposure
conditions are similar (i.e., indoor, wet scraping of
painted drywall, and lead concentration less than 0.8
mg/cm2).
Davie Hall
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring Example 2
Now assume on 07/23/2009 repainting was
conducted in Caldwell Hall, Room 110. The repainting
involved wet scraping of painted drywall.
The paint in the room contained 1.0 mg/cm2 of lead.
Air monitoring is required for this scenario. The air
monitoring results from Beard Hall were collected
within the last 12 months and the exposure
conditions are similar (i.e., indoor and wet scraping of
painted drywall). However, the lead concentration for
this project exceeded the 0.8 mg/cm2 detected in
Room 200 of Beard Hall.
Exposure Assessment
Air Monitoring Example 3
Now assume on 09/23/2009 repainting was
conducted on the exterior of the Naval Armory. The
repainting involved wet scraping of painted wood.
The exterior paint contained 0.5 mg/cm2 of lead.
Air monitoring is required for this scenario. The air
monitoring results from Beard Hall were collected
within the last 12 months and the lead concentration
does not exceed 0.8 mg/cm2. However, the work
activities for this project are different (i.e., outdoor
and wet scraping of painted wood).
Frequency of Exposure Assessments
If the monitored exposure is less than the Action
Level, no further assessment is needed for similar
exposure conditions within the next 12 months.
If the monitored exposure is between the Action Level
and PEL, then monitoring shall be done at least every
six months for similar exposure conditions.
If the monitored exposure exceeds the PEL, then
monitoring shall be done quarterly for similar
exposure conditions.
Exposure Assessment
Employee Notification
Within 5 days after EHS receives the monitoring
results from laboratory analysis, EHS shall notify
each monitored employee in writing of the results
which represent that employee’s airborne lead
exposure.
Exposure Assessment
Protection of Employees
Employers must provide the following protective
measures for employees during air monitoring:
Appropriate personal protective equipment
Appropriate respiratory protection
Change areas with separate storage facilities
for work and street clothes.
Hand washing facilities
Training
What Personal Protective Equipment
is Needed?
Coveralls
work shoes
gloves
respirator
Types of Respirators for Lead
In some jobs involving lead
exposure, you may need a
respirator.
The type of respirator worn
depends on the amount of
lead in the air.
UNC-CH will provide you with
the proper respirator and
provide medical evaluations,
fit-testing, and additional
training.
Respirator Requirements
The type of respirator that must be used
depends on the level of lead in the air:
A half-face cartridge respirators
provide protection to levels 10 times
above the permissible limit for lead.
A powered air purifying respirator
(PAPR)can provide protection from
25 to 1000 times above the
permissible limit depending on
the manufacturer and how it is
designed.
Respirator Requirements
Below are examples of respirators required for
various activities:
A half-face air purifying respirator:
Manual demolition
Manual scraping
Manual sanding
General clean up
A full-face air purifying respirator:
Lead burning (torch melting of lead)
Rivet busting
Power tool use without dust
collection
Respirator Requirements
A supplied air respirator:
Abrasive blasting
Welding, cutting, or torch
burning on metal structures
where paint or lead coatings
are present
Using Respirators
Respirators must be worn at all
times during initial monitoring
and when the amount of lead in
the air is above the PEL.
Respirators must fit properly to
prevent leaks.
Employees must have a
respirator medical evaluation and
training before wearing a
respirator.
Of all PPE worn, employees
should remove respirators last
before leaving the work area.
Respirators Must Fit Properly
Employees must have a
respirator fit-test before
using them.
Employees can’t have a
beard when wearing a tightfitting respirator.
Employees who are required
to wear a respirator must
receive training on how to
use the respirator.
Work Practices to Reduce Lead
Exposure
There are several ways you can
reduce your lead exposure:
Always wear your respirator in the
areas where it is required;
Don’t eat, drink or smoke in the
area where there is lead; and
When you take a break, wash your
hands before eating, drinking or
smoking.
More Work Practices to Reduce Lead
Exposure
Don’t remove dust by
blowing down or
shaking out your
clothing.
Take a shower or wash your hands and
face at the end of the shift when required.
What Are Some Other Work
Practices?
Don’t dry sweep or blow down
dust containing lead.
Use a high-efficiency (HEPA)
vacuum to clean up lead
dust.
Use water when grinding, sanding or
cutting objects containing lead.
Other Methods of Controlling
Lead Dust
Natural or exhaust
ventilation with HEPA
filtration can reduce lead
levels in buildings or
confined areas.
or
Negative air machine
Some grinders and sanders have
exhaust ports where ventilation
can be attached.
Work Practices for Exterior Paint
Removal
Cover the ground under the
work area with polyethylene
sheeting.
Attach the edge of polyethylene
sheeting to the building.
Extend the polyethylene
sheeting ten feet beyond the
perimeter of the working
surfaces or as far as space
permits.
Work Practices for Exterior Paint
Removal
Mist the work surfaces and use a putty
knife or scraper to remove all loose paint.
Maintain good housekeeping duties
throughout the work by removing debris
and paint chips at frequent intervals, and
placing in waste drums.
Limit access through the work area by
using a caution tape “barricade” to help
control traffic.
Work Practices for Exterior Paint
Removal
All windows and doors
within 20 feet of the
work area must be
closed. If they cannot
be closed, seal with
protective sheeting
during work.
If an entrance must be
used that is closer than
20 feet, place a shroud
above and on the sides
of the entrance.
Work Practices for Interior Paint
Removal
Move furnishings and equipment away from area of
work.
Place polyethylene sheeting over fixed-in-place
equipment or furnishings.
Place polyethylene sheeting on the floor under area
of work extending five feet.
Mist the work surfaces and use a putty knife or
scraper to remove all loose paint.
Work Practices for Interior Paint
Removal
Maintain good housekeeping duties
throughout the work by removing debris
and paint chips at frequent intervals, and
placing in waste drums.
Limit access through the work area by
using a caution tape “barricade” to help
control traffic.
Work Practices for Interior Paint
Removal
Perform one of the following actions
to avoid tracking dust off of the
protective sheeting:
Wear non-skid shoe covers and
remove them;
Wipe both top and bottom of shoes
with a damp paper towel; or
Remove shoes.
Cleanup After Paint Removal
After completing the interior or exterior work,
remove polyethylene sheeting contaminated with
lead paint chips and place it in a 55-gallon drum
provided by EHS.
Plastic sheeting should be rolled inward and placed
in waste drum.
Waste generated during deteriorated lead paint work
may be regulated as hazardous waste. Contact EHS
Environmental Affairs (962-5507) for waste
determination.
What Medical Monitoring is Needed?
Anyone who is exposed to
airborne lead dust above the
“action level” must be provided
blood tests.
If the amount of lead in your
blood is more than 40 µg/dL,
EHS will send you for a medical
exam at the University Employee
Occupational Health Clinic.
Blood tests will be routinely done
if you are exposed to lead above
the action level for 30 or more
days per year.
More About Routine Blood Sampling
After the first blood sample is taken, we must
take 3 more blood samples for the next 6
months – every two months.
After that, we must take blood samples once
every 6 months.
If the level in your blood exceeds 40 µg/dL, we
must continue to take blood samples every two
months until it drops below 40 µg/dL .
Blood samples are taken at no cost to you and
you will be notified of the results.
More About Medical Exams
If the amount of lead in your blood
exceeds 40 µg/dL, you will be provided
with a complete medical exam by a
doctor, annually.
You can request an exam or review of the
findings by a second doctor.
Employers do not see the entire medical
exam report, only the blood lead level
results and whether or not you have a
medical condition that precludes you from
working around lead or wearing a
respirator.
Medical Removal for Lead Exposure
If the amount of lead in your blood is
above 50 µg/dL, you will be temporarily
removed from the lead job.
You can’t return to that job until your
blood level drops below 40 µg/dL .
Your blood must be tested monthly until
the lead level drops below 40 µg/dL.
Blood Lead Levels Summary
Medical Removal
Why is Medical Removal Required?
If high blood lead levels are found, medical
removal is required because of the serious health
effects of lead.
Your body will gradually rid itself of lead over time.
You do not lose any earnings or benefits and you
can return to former job status when blood lead
levels drop.
What is Lead Chelation?
“Chelation” is the taking of
certain drugs that help rid the
body of lead.
It is a form of treatment for
high lead levels in the body.
It is not allowed on a routine
basis due to health effects
associated with chelation.
Only a doctor can authorize
and supervise lead chelation.
Medical and Air Monitoring Records
Employees are welcome to see any
of their medical records related to
lead.
Employees are encouraged to
review the results of air sampling
for lead.
Methods of Compliance
For work activities where exposures are determined
through air monitoring to exceed the PEL (50
µg/m3), employers shall provide the following
protective measures:
Appropriate engineering controls (ventilation)
Appropriate personal protective equipment
Appropriate respiratory protection
Change areas with separate storage
facilities for work and street clothes
Hand washing facilities
Methods of Compliance
If provided non-disposable work clothing,
use separate work and street clothing.
Keep street clothing in a
clean place.
Employees must not wear work
clothing or boots containing lead
dust home.
Use provided uniform service for
laundering non-disposable work
clothing containing lead dust.
Warning Signs
Warning signs are posted at
the entrance to any area
where the levels of lead
exceed the PEL.
No one can enter these areas
without a respirator and
protective clothing.
Warning
Lead Work Area
Poison
No Smoking or
Eating
Other Concerns not Addressed by
OSHA 1926.62
For work conducted within or near
occupied buildings, employees shall
protect occupants by the following
methods:
Construct barriers separating
the work area from occupied
areas;
Seal shared air intakes and
exhaust vents; and
Implement dust control
methods.
Other Concerns not Addressed
by OSHA 1926.62
Employees must comply with Hazardous and
Universal Waste Issues during projects that
produce lead-containing waste.
Collect all paint chips as hazardous waste.
Contact EHS Environmental Affairs (962-5507)
for storage containers.
Contact EHS Environmental Affairs (962-5507)
for hazardous waste determination for whole
component debris prior to work activities. Allow
two weeks for laboratory analysis.
Summary
Supervisors and employees involved in activities
that disturb lead-containing materials must
comply with OSHA 1926.62!
Notify EHS prior to beginning activity in order for
EHS to conduct a lead inspection and to
determine if air monitoring is required.
Use the appropriate PPE and dust control
methods during activities.
Protect building occupants when working within
or near occupied buildings.
EHS would like to acknowledge the Washington
State Department of Labor & Industries for
providing portions of the training content.