Transcript Air, Water, Drinking Water or Breathing, Drinking & Swimming

Air, Water, Drinking Water or
Breathing, Drinking & Swimming
CE3501, Fall 2005
Air Quality Engineering
Introduction, and
A Case Study (Acidic Deposition)
Air Quality Engineering:
What is it?
Goal:
• Control air pollutant emissions so that
impacts on
– human health,
– structures and crops, aesthetics,
– ecosystem health, and
– the atmosphere/climate system
are minimized, or are acceptable.
Air Quality Engineering:
What is it?
Components:
• Scientific understanding of the atmosphere:
– What determines air composition?
– How do pollutants move, react?
• Understanding of the sources of air pollution
Pollutant sources: who, where, control options.
Natural processes that interact.
•Application of control techniques.
Acid Rain: History
• 1872: Robert Angus Smith, “Air and
Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical
Climatology”:
– Used the term “Acid Rain”
– Studied rain composition around
Manchester, England:
“that with carbonate or ammonia in the fields at
a distance, that with sulfate of ammonia in the
suburbs and that with sulphuric acid or acid
sulphate, in the town.”
History: Is it still a problem?
• Coal contains S
– S + O2 --> SO2.
– “Smog” (SMoke + fOG): SO2 and particles:
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London, 1952: 4000 deaths.
London, 1962: 700 deaths.
Denora, Pennsylvania, 1948: 20 deaths.
U.S., 1996, 15,000-45,000 premature deaths.
– To reduce SO2 concentrations:
• Reduce emissions, or
• Dilute and disperse the emissions.
Solution:
Tall Stacks
Smelter at
Sudbury, Ontario
1/2 km smokestack
Dilution is the Solution to Pollution
Map of Rainfall pH
Effects on Streams
& Lakes
Buffer Capacity of Virginia Watersheds
> 50 ueq/L
20-50 ueq/L
0-20 ueq/L
<0 ueq/L
•Bulger et al., Univ. Virginia, Report for Trout Unlimited, June, 1998.
Effects on Statues
U.S. Geological Survey
Emission Sources
• Sources: Most from utilities, industrial boilers.
National Science and Technology Council, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Biennial Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment, May 1998.
Emission Control Options
• Change the fuel:
– Coal S content ranges from <1 to >3%.
– Oil – S content < 1%;
– Natural gas – negligible S content
• Clean the exhaust.
– Must clean a lot of gas:
1000 MW => 3 million cubic feet/minute
Limestone Scrubber
Note
size
of
cars
Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach, Cooper and Alley, 1994.
Spray:
H2O + CaCO3
Reactions:
Absorb SO2,
SO2+CaCO3
--> CaSO3 + CO2
Issues:
•Mass transfer
•Chemistry
•Material balance
•Energy balance
Regulations to Reduce Emissions
Two Options:
• “Command and Control:” Set emission
limits for each plant
• Emission Trading: Selected in 1990
Clean Air Act amendments.
– Plants receive “allowances” that can
be traded.
– Should be more efficient ($/ton)
Methods Used
Rainfall: Change in H+
J. Lynch et al., USGS, Open-File Report 96-0346, Trends in Precipitation Chemistry in the United States, 1983-94…
Learn More:
• Faculty and instructors (Civ. & Env. Eng.):
– Prof. Richard Honrath
– Prof. Kurt Paterson
– Prof. Judith Perlinger
• Courses (Civ. & Env. Eng.)
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CE4505: Air Quality Science and Engineering
CE5506: Air Quality Modeling
CE5505: Atmospheric Chemistry
CE5590: Applied Boundary Layer Meteorology
• Related Courses and Programs
– Remote Sensing Institute.
– Atmospheric Science: Meteorology, atmos. physics:
Physics, Geological Eng. & Sciences.
– Atmosphere/biosphere interactions: Forestry
Contributing authors include Prof. D.W.Hand
http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/spain/segovia/aqueduct/aqueduct.html
Offerings at MTU
Topic
Faculty
Water Treatment
Dr. D.Hand
Dr. N. Hutzler
Water Resources
Dr. D. Watkins
Dr. B. Barkdoll
GeoHydrology
Dr. J.Gierke
Dr. A.Mayer
Dr. M.Auer
Dr. N.Urban
Water Quality
Courses
CE4507 - Wastewater Collection & Water
CE4508 – Water & Wastewater Treatmen
CE4509 – Environmental Process Simula
CE5501 – Environmental Process Engine
CE5503 – Physical-chemical Treatment P
CE3620 – Water Resources Engineering
CE4610 – Systems Analysis
CE4620 – Open Channel Flow
CE4630 – Hydraulic Structures
GE3850 - Geohydrology
GE4800 – Groundwater Engineering
CE4505 – Surface Water Quality Enginee
CE5504 – Surface Water Quality Modelin
CE5508 – Biogeochemistry
Engineering of unit processes, pipes, pumps,
distribution systems, …
Employment Opportunities:
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Municipalities
Consulting firms (large and small)
Large, water treatment and supply firms
International Aid agencies
Graduate school, research
International Space Station Water
Processor
Drs. David W. Hand & John C. Crittenden
AWWA Government Affairs
What Water Utilities Can Do to Minimize
Public Exposure to Cryptosporidium in
Drinking Water
Byproduct of water-disinfection process found to be
highly toxic
Jim Barlow, Life Sciences Editor
217-333-5802; [email protected]
9/14/04
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — A
recently discovered
disinfection byproduct
(DBP) found in U.S.
drinking water treated
with chloramines is the
most toxic ever found,
says a scientist at the
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign…
Water Quality
NEW! 4/09/01 - Compassionate
Environmentalists Warn President Bush:
Test the Water at Your Ranch
Sierra Club Blasts Decision to Withdraw
Protections for Drinking Water
Arsenic in Water Causes Cancer
March 20, 2001
Walkerton criminal charges met with anger
WALKERTON REPORT
WALKERTON -- At a news conference marked
by angry outbursts from residents, Ontario
Provincial Police announced yesterday they
have charged the two brothers at the centre of
the Walkerton tainted water tragedy.
Stan Koebel, manager of the Walkerton Public
Utilities Commission when the E. coli disaster
hit in 2000, faces seven criminal charges.
His brother, Frank, PUC foreman at the time,
faces five criminal charges.
Seven people died and more than 2,000 were
sickened by E. coli contamination of
Walkerton's water system in May 2000.
•Full Story (Part 2)
•Full Story (Part 1)
•Excerpts from report
•Statement by Mike Harris
•Chronology of Events
•Key Players
•Collected Walkerton Letters
•Walkerton Columns
Excerpted from Canada Online (Canoe)
http://canadaonline.about.com/od/walkerton/
PROTECTING ONTARIO’S DRINKING
WATER:TOWARD A WATERSHED-BASED
SOURCE PROTECTION PLANNING
FRAMEWORK
Advisory Committee on Watershed-based Source
Protection Planning
Final Report
April 2003
Surface Water Quality Engineering
Surface Water Quality
Engineering
Definition: the application of
scientific principles to the
study of water quality in
rivers, lakes and reservoirs
and to the development of
engineered works for the
protection, remediation, and
restoration of those systems.
Beneficial Uses
• Transportation
• Power
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Water supply
Waste disposal
Recreation
Aesthetics
Scientists and engineers are typically sought for
assistance when ‘beneficial uses’ are impaired
Beneficial Use Impairment
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Oxygen
Turbidity
Pathogens
Toxics
Taste and Odor
Exotic Species
pH
Color
What types of human activities might lead to
these ‘beneficial use’ impairments?
Surface Water Quality:
The Regulatory Basis
Clean Water Act of 1972 (since amended)
• NPDES: permitting system
• TMDLs: watershed loads
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (since amended)
• MCLs: 1 and 2  for organics, metals, etc.
• SWTR: coliforms, protozoans, turbidity, DBPs
Limnology:
The Science of Surface Waters
Whitefish
Lake Trout
Cisco
Sculpin
Benthic Invertebrates
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Surface Water Quality Modeling
Reactor Analogs
Plug Flow Reactor
(rivers)
Completely Mixed
Flow Reactor (lakes)
Cin
Cout 
1 k  
Cout  Cin  exp k  t
Surface Water Quality
Management
• Watershed protection
• Point source controls
• In-lake control actions
– Aeration
– Biomanipulation
– Dredging
These are some of the scientific and engineering
approaches used to manage water quality.
Case Study - Lake Huron
Cladophora is a green algae which
grows attached to solid substrate in
the nearshore waters of the Great
Lakes. Excessive phosphorus
discharges to the lakes has led to
nuisance growths of the alga, leading
to beachfront deposition, with
subsequent decay and loss of
beneficial uses. We worked with
U.S. EPA to determine the level of
phosphorus control required to
eliminate nuisance growth and
implemented a demonstration project
of P-removal at the Harbor Beach,
Michigan wastewater treatment plant.
The project led to elimination of
nuisance conditions at the adjacent
beach areas on Lake Huron.
Case Study - Green Bay
Green Bay is highly polluted due
to the discharge of agricultural
runoff and treated waste effluents
from municipal and industrial
sources. A marked gradient in
water quality exists between the
mouth of the Fox River and the
boundary with Lake Michigan
near Escanaba. Under a grant
from U.S. EPA, we quantified
pollutant inputs to the bay and
studied their subsequent fate and
transport. We developed a
mathematical model which
demonstrated the response of
water quality conditions in the
may to changes in the discharge
of pollutants from the Fox River.
Case Study - Onondaga Lake
For more than 100 years,
Onondaga Lake has received the
municipal and industrial waste
discharges of the city of Syracuse,
NY. The lake has been identified
in the Congressional Record as
the most polluted lake in the U.S.
Since 1986, we have worked with
Upstate Freshwater Institute in
exploring options for lake cleanup,
including advanced treatment at
the 125 million gallon per day
Syracuse Metropolitan Treatment
Plant (METRO) and diversion of
the METRO effluent to the
adjoining Seneca River.
Case Study - NYC Reservoirs
The New York City drinking water
supply system is composed of 19
reservoirs and three controlled
lakes located in southeastern
upstate New York. The system has
a usable capacity of 580 billion
gallons and supplies an average of
1.4 billion gallons per day to 9
million people. Since 1992, we
have been working with the NYC
Department of Environmental
Protection to assure a high quality
source water despite increasing
land use and pollution pressures in
the watershed.
Case Study - Lake Superior
Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world by surface area and the most
pristine of the Great Lakes. It is also the least well known of these precious
resources. Because of its relatively undeveloped watershed, most pollutants
reach the lake from the atmosphere. Under grants from the National Science
Foundation and the Michigan Great Lakes Protection Fund, we have been
working to better understand how pollutants reaching the lake are transported
from site to site and cycled within the food web.
Case Study: Lake Sempach,
Switzerland
Lake Sempach is a deep, prealpine lake in the heart of lush
farmlands in Switzerland.
Agricultural runoff and sewage
inputs caused severe
eutrophication of the lake. Building
tertiary sewage treatment plants
was not enough to solve the
problem, and in-lake treatment
(aeration) also was ineffective.
This situation has led the Swiss
government to pass legislation
stating that farmers cannot apply
more fertilizer to the land than the
land can absorb. We studied the
processes in the sediments that
promoted internal recycling of
nutrients and exacerbated the
eutrophication problem.
Case Study: Little Rock Lake, WI
Little Rock Lake, near Rhinelander,
WI, is a seepage lake situated in
glacial outwash sands. Such lakes
have very little capacity to neutralize
acid rain. This lake was divided in
two with an artificial curtain, and one
half was experimentally acidified for
six years and then allowed to recover
in order to study the effects of acid
rain on lakes. We studied the
processes in the lake that neutralize
acid inputs and that determine the
rate at which this lake is acidified.
Case Study: Torch Lake, MI
Torch Lake is a Superfund site on
the Keweenaw Peninsula that had
20% of its volume filled with mine
tailings (stamp sands). Trace
metals have leached from these
mine residues and reached toxic
concentrations particularly in the
sediments. The U.S.EPA elected
not to remediate the lake because
of the expense involved.
However, our work has shown that
the time required for the lake to
recover on its own is a few
hundred years. Senior design
classes have examined the
feasibility of capping the
sediments of the lake to hasten its
recovery.
Case Study: Torch Lake, MI
Torch Lake is a Superfund site on
the Keweenaw Peninsula that had
20% of its volume filled with mine
tailings (stamp sands). Trace
metals have leached from these
mine residues and reached toxic
concentrations particularly in the
sediments. The U.S.EPA elected
not to remediate the lake because
of the expense involved.
However, our work has shown that
the time required for the lake to
recover on its own is a few
hundred years. Senior design
classes have examined the
feasibility of capping the
sediments of the lake to hasten its
recovery.
Coursework
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CE3610 - Hydrology
CE4505 - Surface Water Quality Engineering
CE5504 - Surface Water Quality Modeling
CE5508 - Biogeochemistry
• BL4451 - Aquatic Ecology
• FW4220 - Wetlands
Students have the option of
building a ‘concentration’ in
surface water quality as part of
the B.S. in Environmental
Engineering at Michigan Tech.
Employment
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Government (NYC DEP, MPCA, U.S. EPA)
Industry (Detroit Edison, Kodak, GM)
Consulting (Limno-Tech, Hydroqual, Earthtech)
Graduate Study & Research (MTU, UFI, NOAA)
Check out the web pages of these organizations for professional opportunities.
WHAT IS
UNIQUE?
WORLD WATER SUPPLY
SALT WATER (97.1%)
FRESHWATER (2.9%)
ICE CAPS (78%)
Ground
water
(21%)
African
Rift
Lakes
Other
Great Lakes
L.
Baikal
L.Superior
SURFACE WATER (~1%)
Smaller Lakes
The problem(s):
• >20% of world’s population lacks safe
drinking water;
• Major rivers (Nile, Yellow R., Colorado R.) run
dry before reaching the ocean;
• Water tables dropping in major food
producing regions (U.S. Great Plain, Chinese
northern plain, India);
• Lack of water is major constraint to industrial
and socioeconomic growth (China, India,
Indonesia);
• By 2025 two thirds (2/3) of world population
will live in water-stressed regions.
SUSTAINABILTY
• Preserve limited water supplies;
• Watershed or source protection;
• Air pollutants move into aquatic systems;
• Groundwater pollutants affect surface waters;
• Interconnections;
• Population growth;
• Lifestyles, culture;
• Science, engineering, policy;
• Economics, social science, …