Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 13 Identification
Postclassical Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
1. Taika, Nara, and
Heian periods
2. Taika Reforms
3. The Tale of Genji
4. Fujiwara
5. bushi (bushido)
6. samurai
7. Seppuku (hara-kiri)
8. shoguns
9. shogunate
10. daimyos
11. Zen Buddhism
12. Shintoism
13. kowtow
14. Choson
15. Koguryo, Silla, and
Paekche kingdoms
16. sinification
17. Kumsong
18. Yi dynasty
19. Viets
20. Khmers and Tais
21. Trung sisters
22. Ho Xuan Huong
23. Le dynasty
Chapter 13 Reading and Study Questions
1. Describe the influence of Chinese culture in Heian
Japan.
2. Describe court life during the Heian period. What does
this reflect about Japanese culture?
3. What led to the decline of imperial power and the rise of
a provincial warrior-elite?
4. How did the feudal period change Japan? How did
political, economic, and social institutions change in this
period?
5. What are some important early developments in
Vietnam and Korea?
6. To what extent did Vietnam and Korea accept and reject
Chinese influences?
7. How did Korea and Vietnam maintain political
independence from China?
The Big Picture
• Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all to some degree
involved in tributary relationships with China.
• Unlike the nomads of central Asia, who were also
interacting with China in the postclassical period,
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all sedentary,
agriculture based civilizations.
• All 3 retained distinctive identities, and resisted
Chinese domination, yet borrowed many ideas from
China.
Korea
• Northern part of the peninsula was temporarily part of the Han
dynasty, and there was some colonization by Chinese settlers in
Korea.
• Buddhism spread into Korea via China and was very influential.
• Early states emerged in Korea in the 4th – 7th centuries CE (Three
Kingdoms Period).
• Silla allied with Tang to unify the peninsula in 688 CE.
• Including Silla, three dynasties have ruled the Korean peninsula
until the 20th century.
• All three dynasties were independent yet participated in China’s
tributary system.
• Capital at Kumsong was modeled on the Chinese capital city.
• Trade and tribute systems transferred ideas, goods and
technology: silk, tea, Confucianism, Buddhism, art styles, etc.
Korea cont. …
• Chinese culture mostly affected the small Korean elite; some
elite families sent their sons to study in China.
• Chinese influence negatively affected Korean women, limiting
opportunities and power. Although there was no foot-binding,
neo-Confucianism did negatively affect Korean women,
especially in the upper class.
• Social hierarchy in Korea was very rigid; “Bone Rank
System” allowed for little mobility.
• Slavery was also prominent in Korea, and many peasants
held serf-like status.
• By 1100 CE, as much as 1/3 of Korea’s population held slave
status.
• The government bureaucracy was completely controlled by
the aristocracy – there was no merit based Confucian exam
system, even though other Confucian ideals were important.
Vietnam
• Like Korea, mostly the elite in Vietnam was influenced by
Chinese culture – especially Buddhism, Confucianism,
Daoism, and literary/artistic styles.
• A merit-based Confucian exam system was implemented
for the government bureaucracy.
• Popular culture and the peasantry remained distinctly
Vietnamese: language (though elite officials often spoke
Chinese), larger role for women, nuclear families, and
village-based autonomy.
• Vietnam was controlled by China during periods of the
Han and Tang dynasties, but otherwise remained
politically independent while participating in China’s
tributary system.
• At times, Chinese officials lived in Vietnam to administer
in the rich rice growing regions.
• Chinese style irrigation was introduced.
Japan
• Japan is more separate from China both physically and
politically.
• Japan was never successfully invaded or occupied until WWII.
• Japan engaged in voluntary borrowing from China, with heavy
Chinese influences especially in the 600’s – 700’s CE.
• In the early postclassical era, Japan developed a bureaucratic
state modeled on the Tang. Buddhism spread in this period.
(Zen)
• From the 900’s – 1600, Chinese influence in Japan decreased
as Japan developed a feudal system and warrior based culture.
The feudal period ended with the emergence of the Tokugawa
Shogunate in 1603.
Japan cont. …
• During the feudal period the court and emperor were
maintained as a ceremonial symbol of state, but feudal
warlords dominated the country.
• Buddhist beliefs especially blended with Shinto beliefs and
practices in this period.
• Japanese women largely escaped the restrictions of
Confucianism and neo-Confucianism. During the Nara and
Heian periods (600’s – 800’s CE) elite women were
educated and contributed great poetry and literature.
• During the feudal period, the prevalence of a warrior culture
caused women’s power to erode.
• Peasants were also negatively affected during the feudal
period, as land was often destroyed and taxes were often
high.
Japan
•Chinese influences
included Buddhism,
military structure,
and Confucianism,
though the
examination system
and scholar
bureaucracy never
became part of
Japanese
civilization.
•Imperial structure
lost power as the
feudal structure
emerged in the 12th
century.
•Never successfully
invaded or controlled
by outside force (until
the U.S. occupation after
WWII.)
Degree of Sinification
in the Postclassical
Period
Korea
•Most influenced by
China of the three,
though a distinct
Korean culture
emerged too.
•Conquered by Han,
Tang; frequent
conflict with the
Japanese
•Very small Korean
elite; did adopt idea
of examination
system, but
meritocracy idea
never took hold; elite
aristocracy ran
bureaucracy
Vietnam
•Resisted Chinese influence
and occupation most, in part
due to distance from center
of Chinese society.
•Conquered by Han, though
there was strong resistance,
and peasantry never really
adopted Chinese
cultural/social traits or
structure.
•Chinese script, some
elements of Confucianism,
Chinese agricultural
techniques, and examination
system were adopted by the
Viets.
•Unique characteristics:
village autonomy, more
rights for women, favored the
nuclear as opposed to the
extended family
•Independent from the 10th to
19th century
Korea
•Korea is located between China and Japan, and has been influenced by
both.
•Han emperor Wudi invaded Korea in 108 B.C.E.; Confucian doctrine,
government structure, farming techniques, and the Chinese writing
system spread to Korea.
•Between 300-600 C.E., three separate kingdoms arose in Korea:
-Koguryo (north)
-Paekche (southwest)
-Shilla (southeast)
•During the Three Kingdoms Period, Mahayana Buddhism spread through
Korea.
•In 668 C.E., with Chinese support, the Shilla conquered the peninsula,
uniting Korea. The Shilla paid tribute to the Chinese.
•Three Dynasties dominate Korean history after unification:
-Shilla (668-918) starting from time of unification
-Koryo (918-1392)
-Choson/Yi Dynasty (1392-1910)
The Three Kingdoms
of Korea
The Spread of Buddhism
1. When did
Buddhism
begin?
2. When did
Buddhism
arrive in
China?
Sri Lanka?
Korea?
Japan?
3. How long did
it take for
Buddhism to
spread to
Japan?
The sword dance is based on a
Korean legend. During the Silla period
a young boy named Hwang
Changnang was so famous for
dancing with a sword in each hand
that he became a professional dancer.
Upon invitation of the enemy Paekche
king, the boy dancer presented his
sword dance in front of the monarch.
In the middle of his dance he thrust
the sword with which he was dancing
into the king, killing him instantly. He
was subsequently executed but the
people of Silla were so impressed by
the young dancer's patriotic daring
that the people began to imitate his
sword dance, wearing a mask which
resembled the boy's face in memory of
the hero.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUdkQQQnOXA
Chumsungdae
This astronomical observatory
was built in 647 in the Shilla
kingdom of South Korea. It is
the oldest existing observatory in
East Asia. Every brick has a
symbolic relationship to the
heavens. The structure is
comprised of 361 bricks, the
number of days in a lunar year.
Twenty-eight major
constellations, twenty-four solar
terms and twelve months are
symbolically represented in the
structure. The window is placed
exactly in the southern-most
position which enables the noon
sunlight, at the autumn and
spring equinoxes, to reach down
to the bottom of the structure.
Analyzing the historical record!
Document 1 –
1. What was the bone rank system? Why do you think it
developed?
2. What does this doc reveal about the relationship between
China and Korea, and how did some Korean people view China?
Document 2 –
1. Why was this doc written at this time?
2. What was the purpose for each of the injuctions?
Document 3 –
SOAPSTONE
•During the Yi Dynasty,
the Korean alphabet
(Hangul) was developed
under the guidance of
King Sejong.
•In the late 16th century,
the Japanese attempted to
invade Korea, but were
defeated by Admiral Yi
Sun-shin and his fleet of
metal plated “turtle
ships.”
King Sejong
Traditional Korean Clothing
A Traditional Korean House
Hangul –the
Korean Alphabet
The Korean Peninsula Today
Regional Kingdoms in Southeast Asia
1. What were the centers of political and economic
activity in Vietnam?
2. What were the main economic developments and
resources in Vietnam?
3. Different regional kingdoms developed in the north
and south of Vietnam. What were these kingdoms,
and what were some differences in devlopment
between the north and south?
4. Where was Srivijaya, and what characterized this
kingdom politically, economically, and culturally?
Japan
Feudal Japan
• Two powerful court families, the Taira
and the Minamoto, struggled for control
until 1185 C.E. when the Taira were
defeated.
• The emperor gave the title shogun, or
“general,” to Yoritomo Minamoto, head
of the Minamoto family.
• While the emperor remained with his
court in the capital of Kyoto carrying on
ritual tasks, Yoritomo and his soldiers ran
a shogunate, or military government,
from Kamakura near present-day Tokyo.
Minamoto
Yoritomo
• The powerful landowner-warriors in the countryside
were called samurai. The most powerful samurai
became daimyo, or lords.
• Peasants, often rice farmers, paid high taxes for
the right to farm a daimyo's lands in exchange for
protection.
• The samurai followed a strict code of honor called
Bushido–meaning “the way of the warrior”–which
stressed bravery, self-discipline, and loyalty.
• Japan developed economically during its feudal
period, which caused the growth of a merchant
class.
• Increasing trade led to the growth of towns around the
castles of the daimyos, and merchants and artisans
formed guilds called za to promote their interests.
• Japanese merchants began to trade with Chinese and
Korean merchants, with Chinese copper coins being
the chief means of exchange.
Samurai
The title of
this print is:
"Heroes from
the Six Clans;
Oni Ko Shima
Mitaro
Ichitada". It is
apparently
one of a series
of prints
depicting
famous
warriors from
a group of
families.
In-Depth: Comparing Feudalisms
1. What kept the medieval west and Japan from developing
centralized systems, such as in imperial Rome or China?
2. When did the West and Japan begin to develop more centralized
systems?
3. What are some other societies that had interludes, or periods that
incorporated some elements of feudalism?
4. How were the Western European and Japanese feudal systems
different from Russia, Zhou China, and the Sudanic states of
Africa?
5. In what ways did feudalism affect Japan and Western Europe
long-term?
6. In what ways do some historians link the feudal periods of Japan
and Europe to modern centuries? Do you agree or disagree with
these ideas and links between the past and present?
Photograph © 2008 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace, from the Illustrated Scrolls of the
Events of the Heiji Era
Japanese, Kamakura Period, second half of the thirteenth century
Handscroll; ink and color on paper
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
View of a warrior fighting the Mongols, from
Suenaga's Mongol Invasion scrolls
Blades and mountings for a pair of swords (daisho), long sword: dated
1440; short sword: 15th century; Muromachi period (1392–1573)
Long sword (katana) inscribed by Sukemitsu of Bizen; short sword (wakizashi)
attributed to Yasumitsu
Japanese Steel
Painting of an ancient Sumo competition
History of Sumo Wrestling
Sumo wrestling is an ancient sport dating back at least 1500
years. According to one Japanese legend, the very origin of the
Japanese race depended on the outcome of a sumo match. The
Japanese people on the islands of Japan supposedly established
their claim to these islands when the god, Take-mikazuchi, won a
sumo match with the leader of a rival tribe.
The first sumo matches were a form of ritual dedicated to the
gods with prayers for a good harvest. They were performed
with sacred dancing and dramas within the walls of the Shinto
shrines.
Sumo Wrestling cont’d
During the Age of the Samurai, sumo was useful as military
training. Later jujitsu was developed as an offshoot of sumo by
the samurai. In the 17th century peace was finally restored under
the Age of the Shoguns. A period of prosperity followed, marked
by the rise to power of the new merchant class. Professional
sumo groups were organized to entertain the common people,
and sumo has become the national sport of Japan.
Sumo wrestlers are very popular today, something like famous
athletes, movie stars, or pop singers are in the United States. In the
Middle Ages the sumo wrestlers were also like heroes. Artists
painted their pictures and they were treated to free meals by fans.
And they could eat a lot!
Feudalism in Europe and Japan – DBQ
Activity
1. With your partner, analyze each document using
SOAPSTone or OPTIC. Record in your notebook.
2. Based on the prompt, how would you group these
documents? Come up with three or four groups,
and record the groups and corresponding
documents in your notebook.
3. Write a thesis statement which directly,
specifically answers the prompt.