Transcript Slide 1
HAZARD
COMMUNICATION
STANDARD
&Laboratory
Standard
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Hazardous Chemicals are used everyday at work and home.
“Hazardous chemicals” are defined by the
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) as “any chemical
which is a physical hazard or a health
hazard” (29 CFR 1910.1200(c))
HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD
29CFR1910.1200(A)(1)
“The purpose of this section is to ensure that the hazards of all
chemicals produced or imported are evaluated, and that
information concerning their hazards is transmitted to
employers and employees. This transmittal of information is to
be accomplished by means of comprehensive hazard
communication programs , which are to include container
labeling and other forms of warning, material safety data
sheets and employee training .” OSHA
The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) is
based on a simple concept - that employees have
both a need and a right to know the hazards and
identities of the chemicals they are exposed to
when working. They also need to know what
protective measures are available to prevent
adverse effects from occurring.
HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM
A written Hazard Communication Program (HCP) is
required for all workplaces handling hazardous
chemicals.
An HCP is to ensure that:
• Hazardous substances present in the work place are
properly identified and labeled
• Employees have access to information on the hazards of
these substances.
• Employees are provided with information on how to
prevent injuries or illnesses due to exposure to these
substances.
• Identify hazards for routine and no routine assignments
• Identify who has the responsibility for maintaining the
program, the MSDS sheets, conduct training, etc.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF HCP
Hazardous chemical inventory
Labeling of chemical containers
Availability of Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS)
Employee Training
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL INVENTORY
A master list of hazardous chemicals used or produced in the
facility is required.
Used for emergency response purposes as well as to comply
with various environmental, occupational, and fire code
regulations.
The inventory list will include the common identity or trade
name of the product and the name and address of the
manufacturer.
LABELING OF CHEMICAL CONTAINERS
Containers must be labeled
at a minimum with:
Name of the chemical
Hazard warnings
Name and address of its
manufacturer impor ter
If the hazardous chemicals are
transferred into unmarked
containers, these containers must
be labeled with the required
information, unless the container
into which the chemical is
transferred is intended for the
immediate use of the employee
who performed the transfer.
STORAGE
Flammable items 5gal size or larger must be stored
in a flammable cabinet, although storage of all
flammable containers is recommended where
possible.
Segregate incompatible materials such as acids
and bases, not all containers alphabetically
Air and Water reactive materials should be kept in
air tight secondar y containers and discarded at
regular inter vals af ter opening to prevent air from
getting through the seal/septum.
Follow Testing & Disposal frequencies for Peroxide
forming Potentially Explosive Chemicals (PEC’s)
Store only materials that are still useable
(still (still good and you will use them later)
Containers must be in good condition and
contents and hazards legible.
AVAILABILIT Y OF MATERIAL SAFET Y DATA
SHEETS (MSDS)
MSDS are required to maintain availability of MSDSs’
for all incoming hazardous chemicals to the facility.
MSDS provides detailed information about a specific
hazardous material and is intended to provide
workers and emergency personnel with procedures
for handling or working with that substance in a safe
manner.
Must be readily accessible to the employees
during each work shift and in their work area(s)
Should not have to go through supervisor for
access
This is seen as a potential barrier by
OSHA!
INFORMATION THAT AN MSDS MUST
CONTAIN:
1. Chemical Identity: Name of the product.
2. Manufacturer’s Information: Name, address, phone number and
emergency phone number of the manufacturer.
3. Hazardous Ingredients/Identity Information: List of hazardous
chemicals.
4. Depending on the state, the list may contain all chemicals even if
they are not hazardous, or only those chemicals which have OSHA
standards.
5. Since chemicals are often known by different names, all common
(trade) names should be listed.
6. The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for each hazardous
ingredient must be listed.
7. Physical/Chemical Characteristics: Boiling point, vapor pressure
and density, melting point, evaporation rate, etc.
INFORMATION THAT AN MSDS MUST
CONTAIN:
8. Fire and Explosion Hazard Data: Flash point, flammability limits,
ways to extinguish, special firefighting procedures, unusual fire
and explosion hazards.
9. Reactivity Data: How certain materials react with others when
mixed or stored together.
10.Health Hazard Data: Health effects (acute= immediate; chronic=
long-term), ways the hazard can enter the body (lungs, skin or
mouth), symptoms of exposure, emergency and first aid
procedures.
11.Precautions of Safe Handling and Use: What to do in case
materials spill or leak, how to dispose of waste safely, how to
handle and store materials in a safe manner.
12.Control Measures: Ventilation (local, general, etc.), type of
respirator/filter to use, protective gloves, clothing and
equipment, etc.
MSDS AVAILABILIT Y
Storage medium is flexible
Paper copies, electronically stored,
internet or other means that can
provide a readable copy on site
If stored electronically, employees
must have access to computer
Performance based standard
MSDS MANAGEMENT
(THE NEVER ENDING BATTLE)
FORM of MSDSs:
Paper copies-centralized/work locations
Electronically scanned, stored
Specialized software
Manufacturer internet links
POSTINGS AND NOTICES
State/local “Right-to-Know” or OSHA Hazard
Communication postings outlining employee rights
must be posted.
Hint-combine all relevant postings (e.g., emergency
numbers, right-to-know postings, radiation notices)
into one wall hanging.
EMPLOYEE TRAINING
The intent of training is to have
information prior to occupancy
exposure to chemicals to prevent
the occurrence of adverse health
ef fects.
When Should Training Occur?
At the time of an employee’s initial assignment
Prior to assignments involving new exposure situations
Refresher information and training
“...shall be determined by the employer.”
29 CFR 1910.1450(f)(2)
WHO SHOULD BE TRAINED?
Any employee that is assigned to a
work area where hazardous chemicals
are present. 29 CFR 1910.1450(f)(2)
This includes:
Laboratory personnel
Laboratory assistants
Housekeeping staff
Maintenance staff
Student employees
IDENTIFYING PERSONNEL FOR TRAINING
Common exposure groups
Job title classification
Employee orientation
Personnel records
Routine inspections
WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED?
29 CFR 1910.1450 OSHA Laboratory Standard
Employees shall be informed of:
The contents and appendices of 1910.1450 and made
available to them
The location, availability, and details of the written
Chemical Hygiene Plan
The PEL’s for OSHA regulated substances or OEL’s for
other hazardous chemicals
Signs and symptoms associated with exposure to the
chemicals used in the laboratories
WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED?
Location and availability of reference material on the
hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) availability and
location
Methods to detect presence or release of hazardous
chemicals
DO I HAVE TO TRAIN ON SPECIFIC
CHEMICALS?
Not always!
“...Information and training may be designed to cover
categories of hazards (e.g., flammability,
carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical specific information must always be available through
labels and material safety data sheets.” 29 CFR
1910.1200(h)(1)
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES
Irritants
Corrosives
Allergens
Asphyxiants
Carcinogens
Reproductive and
Developmental
Toxins
Neurotoxins
Flammables
Reactives
Explosives
IRRITANTS
Irritants - noncorrosive chemicals that cause reversible
inflammatory ef fects at site of contact
Swelling and redness
Contact should be avoided
Example - ????
CORROSIVES
Most common toxic chemicals found in labs
Cause tissue destruction at contact site
Solids, liquids, or gases
May af fect eyes, skin, respiratory tract, GI tract
Rapid ef fects!
Examples of Corrosives:
Corrosive liquids: bromine, sulfuric acid,
aqueous sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide
Corrosive gases: chlorine, ammonia, nitrogen
dioxide
Corrosive solids: sodium hydroxide,
phosphorus, phenol
CLASSES OF CORROSIVES
Strong
acid
Strong
Strong
oxide
Strong
acids: nitric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, and hydrochloric
bases: metal hydroxides, ammonia
dehydrating agents : phosphorus pentoxide, calcium
oxidizing agents: concentrated hydrogen peroxide
ALLERGENS
Cause adverse reactions by immune system due to
previous sensitization
Immediate or delayed
Anaphylactic shock
May cause allergic reactions in some people:
diazomethane, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, formaldehyde,
various isocyanates, benzylic and allylic halides, certain
phenol derivatives
ASPHYXIANTS
Interfere with the transportation of oxygen to vital
organs
Brain most easily af fected
Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from air: acetylene,
carbon dioxide, argon, helium, ethane, nitrogen, methane
Asphyxiants that bind to hemoglobin: carbon monoxide,
hydrogen cyanide
CARCINOGENS
Can interact with DNA directly or indirectly
Chronically toxic
May have no apparent immediate ef fects
Examples: ethylene oxide, tetrachloroethylene, hydrazine,
benzene
REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXINS
Adverse ef fects on fertility, gestation, lactation, general
reproductive performance, lethality of fetus, retarded
growth of fetus, postnatal functional deficiencies
Female reproductive toxins: DES, thalidomide
Male reproductive toxins: ethylene dibromide,
dibromochloropropane
NEUROTOXINS
Adverse ef fects on CNS or PNS, permanent or reversible
Many are chronically toxic
Example: lead
FLAMMABLES
Readily catch fire and burn in air
Most common fire hazard in lab
For fire to occur, need three conditions:
an oxidizing atmosphere: air, oxygen
concentration within flammable limits
ignition source
Fire prevention: control vapors and ignition sources
The MSDS will contain information
for emergency responders.
NATION FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
LABELING SYSTEMS
HAZARD COLOR
Blue = Health hazard
Red = Flammability
White = Other hazards
Scale: 0 (No known Hazard) to 4 (Extreme Hazard)
HEALTH HAZARDS
FLAMMABILITY
REACTIVITY
SPECIAL HAZARDS
REACTIVES
Water reactive
Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium)
Organometallic compounds
Hydrides
Produce heat and flammable hydrogen gas which can ignite or
combine with oxygen
REACTIVES
Pyrophoric
Oxidation by oxygen or moisture in air occurs rapidly and ignition
occurs
Finely divided metals, metal hydrides, low -valent metal salts, and
iron sulfides
REACTIVES
Incompatible chemicals
Storage is important
Concentrated oxidizing agents incompatible with concentrated
reducing agents, etc.
Volume is important
EXPLOSIVES
Explosive - a chemical compound or mechanical mixture
that, when subjected to heat, impact, or other suitable
initiation, undergoes a rapid chemical change which
evolves large volumes of highly heated gases that exert
pressure on the surrounding medium
EXPLOSIVES
Initiation by heat, light, mechanical shock and catalysts
Some may be set of f by manipulation with a metal spatula
Some are set of f by their own crystal formation
EXPLOSIVES - PEROXIDES
Organic peroxides are very hazardous and are sensitive
to shock, sparks, etc.-more shock-sensitive than TNT
Compounds that auto oxidize in air to form peroxides:
aldehydes, ethers, etc.
Very dangerous: ether bottles that have evaporated to
dryness
Best to store potential peroxide formers under and inert
gas, like nitrogen, or use stabilizers or inhibitors
EXPLOSIVES - DUSTS
Usually suspensions of oxidizable particles
Examples: flour, coal dust, magnesium powder, zinc
dust, carbon powder, etc.
Use with good ventilation, no ignition sources
Spontaneously combustible some finely divided solids
allowed to dry: zirconium titanium, Raney nickel, lead,
etc.
Dust Explosion Video:
http://www.csb.gov/videoroom/detail.aspx?vid=61&F=0&CID=1&pg=1
&F_All=y
HOW DOES EXPOSURE OCCUR?
Routes of Exposure:
Inhalation
Contact with skin or eyes
Ingestion
Injection
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INHALATION
Form:
Gases
Vapors of volatile liquids
Mists and sprays of both volatile and
nonvolatile liquids
Solid chemicals: particles, fibers, dusts
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INHALATION
Particle size influences deposition location in respiratory
tract
>5 microns - nose
1-5 microns in trachea and small airways
<1 micron deposited in lungs
location of deposition af fects local toxicity and
absorption
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INHALATION
Water-soluble particles will dissolve within minutes to days
Fat-soluble particles will clear rapidly into the blood
Those that are neither will be retained in lungs for a long
time: metal oxides, asbestos, silica.
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INHALATION
Main factor af fecting airborne chemical concentrations:
vapor pressure
Vapor pressure - tendency of molecules to escape from
liquid or solid phase into gaseous phase
The higher the vapor pressure, the greater the possible
chemical concentration.
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INGESTION
GI tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines
5 m long, SA = 200 m 2
Local and systemic toxicity
Absorption occurs along entire tract and depends on
many factors
Absorption increases with SA , permeability, residence
time, fat-solubility
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE – SKIN CONTACT
Direct injury/local toxic ef fects
Skin irritation
Allergic skin reactions
Burns
Systemic toxicity
entry via hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and cuts or
abrasions of outer skin layer
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE – SKIN CONTACT
Absorption depends on chemical concentration, reactivity,
solubility, condition of skin, part of body exposed, duration of
exposure
Thin skin more vulnerable
DMSO increases penetration of chemicals through skin
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE - INJECTION
Mechanical injury with glass or metal objects, syringes
Intravenous route
EXPOSURE LIMITS
Exposure Limits:
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
Concentrations expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams or
cubic meter
Threshold limit value (TLV)
TLV-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
TLV-Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
TLV-Ceiling Limit (TLV-C)
Typically, the lower the exposure limit, the more harmful the
material is to your health. Take more precautions with it
(limit quantity and don PPE) to protect yourself and others.
OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD 29 CFR
1910.1450
Performance standard
Development and implementation of
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Primary emphasis on administrative
controls to protect workers
Readily accessible
CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN
Plan should include:
Responsibilities
Standard Operating Procedures
Plans for Controlling Chemical
Exposures
Engineering Controls
Medical Consultation and Review
Chemical Hygiene Officer
Special Provisions for Hazardous
Chemical Use
CONTROL OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Engineering
Design specifications
Isolation
Ventilation
Administrative
Scheduling
Location
Substitution
CONTROL OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Employers must provide you with:
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE).
Respirators
Chemical barriers
Gloves, lab-coats, boots
Lanyards (Fall Protection)
Noise attenuation
Ear plugs, ear muf fs
Safety glasses
Hard hat
RESPONDING TO ACCIDENTS AND
EMERGENCIES
24/7 Hotline number/paging system very helpful
Personnel should know the notification and evacuation
procedures for your institution
Know the location of safety showers, eyewash stations,
and fire extinguishers
Drills for safety personnel and employees
EMERGENCY CLEAN UP
Spill Containment Supplies
Spill control pillows
Inert absorbents such as vermiculite, clay
Neutralizing agents for acid and alkali spills
Scoops, brooms, pails, bags, dust pans
Appropriate PPE, warning signs, etc.
Central storage location(s)
Re-supply responsibility
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE!
Before undertaking any chemical related activity, become familiar
with the hazards of the chemicals involved.
Be sure you know and be sure you follow the safety precautions that
protect you and others from those hazards.
Become familiar with the hazards of the apparatus and operations
involved
Should know the notification and evacuation procedures for the
facility/ institution
Know the location of safety showers, eyewash stations, and fire
extinguishers
Participate in drills for safety personnel and employees
Know the location of Spill Containment Supplies and PPE
Remember to replenish used supplies!