Transcript Successful urban transport What developments in Europe

First Thesis
We cannot stop climate change
without changing our mobility.
Second Thesis
Mobility is too cheap in Europe –
environmentally-friendly transport modes
are too expensive.
This is due to political will.
Third Thesis
The EU is part of the solution:
Fair competition across transport modes
would enable sustainable transport modes
to exploit their competitiveness.
The EU' Targets for 2020
• 20% reduction of greenhouse gas missions
• 20% of EU’s energy from renewable resources
• 20% improvement of energy efficiency
Where We Stand Now
• Increase of CO2 -emissions
• Weak connection between economy and ecology
• Modal shift in the wrong direction: share of air and road
transport increases, share of rail and waterway decreases
• Unfair competition between different transport modes
• Transport planning with wrong priorities („think big“)
CO2 Emissions by Sector (2008)
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
14%
Commercial/
Institutional
4%
Agriculture/
Forestry/
Fisheries
2%
Residential
10%
Other Fuel
Combustion
Industrial
0%
processes and
other
6%
International
Bunkers Maritime
transport 13%
Transport
29%
Road
Transport
71%
Energy Industries
35%
International
Bunkers Aviation 11%
Railways 1%
Other
transportation
1%
Navigation
(domestic)
2%
Civil Aviation
(domestic)
2%
Development CO2 Emissions Since 1990
Initial Situation
USA
800
Germany
600
Spain
480
EU
470
Berlin
300
Russia
260
Romania
200
China
40
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cars per 1,000 inhabitants
800
900
Mandatory Rail Charge in Europe
Cars per 1,000 inhabitants
Especially member states without a highway toll system charge railway toll
Non-Mandatory Road Charge for Lorries
• In Switserland: road
charge for lorries is 4
times higher than in
Germany
• It applies to all streets
and to all trucks
above 3.5t
• Increase of
consumers' costs:
merely 0.5%
Tax Disadvantages
International train traffic is taxed, international flights are not
Distorted Competition in the Air
• No kerosene tax (14bn EUR subsidies per year)
• No Value Added Tax on international flights (16bn EUR/year)
• Weak integration in EU Emissions Trading Scheme (85% for
free) and only since 2012
• No charges on air corridors (with the exception of Siberia)
• In case of delays: reimbursement after 3 hours
Priviliges for Maritime Transport
Inland navigation
• No fuel taxation
• Mostly no charges on waterways
• Heavy investments despite existing excess capacities
Maritime transport
• Using heavy oil (hazardous waste incinerator without filters)
• Weak emission limits by International Maritime Organization
 As of 2015: 0,1% in control zones (Baltic and North sea, English Channel)
 As of 2020: 0,5% for all EU bodies of water
• Not integrated into emission trading system
“The Future of our Mobility”
EU Commission
Commission 2011 White Paper on transport:
 Until 2030: -20% CO2 emmissions compared to 2008
 Until 2050: -60% compared to 1990
EU Parliament
 Resolution on White Paper: -20% compared to 1990 by 2020!
How does this relate to urban mobility?
Facts on Urban Mobility
• By 2050, 84% of the EU population will live in cities
• In cities, transport is responsible for:
 40% of all CO2 emissions
 70% of all emissions which are harmful to the climate
• Most trips start or end in cities
• By 2060, 30% of all EU citizens will be older than 60 years
(today: 17%)
Atlanta – Barcelona
Less inhabitants, 26 times larger surface
30 km/h Speed Limit as a Rule!
Report of the European Parliament on European road safety 20112020 (Rapporteur: Dieter-Lebrecht Koch)
The European Parliament
“54. Strongly recommends the responsible authorities to introduce
speed limits of 30 km/h in residential areas and on all one-lane roads
in urban areas which have no separate cycle lane, with a view to
protecting vulnerable road users more effectively;”
 Accepted by a large majority!
30km/h Speed Limit: Clear Benefits
More safety…
Enviroment and costs….
• Breaking distance: 14m instead of 28m
• Emissions: -12%
• 42% less accidents
• Noise: -3db(A) = halving noise
• Fatality risk: 10% instead of 80%
• Less road signs, more clarity
• Higher acceptance
More life quality…
Almost no loss of time…
• More space for children, pedestrians,
• Only 10-20 sec. More per km
cyclists and public transport
• Less stress
• Berlin: average speed of cars
19 km/h!
30km/h Speed Limit: Progresses
• European citizens' initiative: European Citizen's
Initiative. Goal = 1 Million signatures by 14.11.2013
• Others led the way: Graz (AT), Pontevedra (ES),
the French city network “Ville 30,” and Liverpool
(UK)
• New York City becomes “New Walk City”
Bicycles as an Alternative
Source: Cramer, M. (2006): Fahrradnutzung in Europa, page 2
90% of car journeys in cities are shorter than 6km
30% are shorter than 3km
10% are shorter than 1km!
More Cyclists – More Safety
Sustainable Use of Financial Resources?
20
60
0,7
Road
Rail
Bike
Other
19,1
Hungary is leading the way: it uses 2% of EU funding for cycling!
The Greens' Position on the Use of
EU Transport Funding
• 40% (at least) for rail
• 20% (maximum) for road
• 15% (at least) for hiking & biking
 Only the 40% goal found a majority in the European Parliament
Big Projects:
Costly, Lengthy, and Useless
•
Brenner-Base-Tunnel
•
Lyon-Turin-Tunnel
•
Fehmarnbelt-Tunnel
•
Koralm-Tunnel
•
Semmering-Tunnel
•
Stuttgart 21
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Transport Policies?
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Thank you very much for your
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Soft Mobility
2nd edition
Measures for a climate-friendly
transport policy in Europe
48 pages, 7 tables
und 15 images.
You can obtain the brochure @ www.michael-cramer.eu