Transcript Chapter-5: Accounting for Merchandising Operations

Chapter-5: Accounting for
Merchandising Operations
Merchandising Operations
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Completing the Accounting Cycle
Forms of Financial Statement
1
Merchandising Operations
Merchandising Companies
Buy and Sell Goods
Wholesaler
Retailer
Consumer
The primary source of revenues is referred to as
sales revenue or sales.
2
Merchandising Operations
Income Measurement
Not used in a
Service business.
Cost of goods sold is the total cost
of merchandise sold during the
period.
3
Merchandising Operations
Operating
Cycles
The operating
cycle of a
merchandising
company
ordinarily is
longer than that
of a service
company.
4
Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Companies use either a perpetual inventory system or a periodic inventory
system to account for inventory.
5
Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Perpetual System
 Maintain detailed records of the cost of each
inventory purchase and sale.

Records continuously show inventory that should be
on hand.

Company determines cost of goods sold each time a
sale occurs.
Periodic System
 Do not keep detailed records of the goods on hand.

Cost of goods sold determined by count at the end of the
accounting period.
6
Merchandising Operations

Calculation of COGS
Beginning inventory
Add: Purchases, net
Goods available for sale
Less: Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold
$ 100,000
800,000
900,000
125,000
$ 775,000
7
Merchandising Operations
Additional Consideration
Perpetual System:

Traditionally used for merchandise with high unit
values.

Provides better control over inventories.

Requires additional clerical work and additional cost
to maintain inventory records.

Nowadays fully computerized system makes it easier
to record
8
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
(Perpetual system)

Companies purchase inventory using
cash or credit (on account).

Normally recorded when goods are
received.

Purchase invoice should support
each credit purchase.
9
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Example: Sauk Stereo (the buyer)
uses as a purchase invoice, the
sales invoice prepared by PW
Audio Supply, Inc. (the seller).
Prepare the journal entry for
Sauk Stereo for the invoice from
PW Audio Supply.
May 4
Inventory (or, Merchandise Inventory) 3,800
Accounts payable
3,800
(to record goods purchased on account from PW Audio Supply)
10
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Freight Costs – FOB Shipping Point
Seller places goods Free On
Board the carrier, and buyer
pays freight costs.
Example: Assume upon delivery of the goods on May 6, Sauk
Stereo pays Acme Freight Company $150 for freight charges,
the entry on Sauk Stereo’s books is:
May 6
Inventory
Cash
150
150
11
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Freight Costs – FOB Destination
Seller places goods Free On
Board to the buyer’s place of
business, and seller pays
freight costs.
Example: Assume the freight terms on the invoice in Illustration
5-5 had required PW Audio Supply to pay the freight charges, the
entry by PW Audio Supply would have been:
May 4
Freight-out (or, Delivery Expense) 150
Cash
150
Freight costs incurred by the seller are an operating expense.
12
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Returns and Allowances
Purchaser may be dissatisfied because goods are
damaged or defective, of inferior quality, or do not meet
specifications.
Purchase Return
Purchase Allowance
Return goods for credit if the sale
was made on credit, or for a cash
refund if the purchase was for
cash.
May choose to keep the
merchandise if the seller will
grant an allowance (deduction)
from the purchase price.
Example: Assume that on May 8 Sauk Stereo returned to PW
Audio Supply goods costing $300.
May 8
Accounts payable
Inventory
300
300
13
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts
Sellers may permit buyer to claim a cash discount for prompt
payment through Credit Terms.
Credit terms specify the amount of cash discount and time
period in which discount is offered.
Advantages:

Purchaser saves money.

Seller shortens the operating cycle.
14
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts: Examples of Credit Terms
2/10, n/30
1/10 EOM
n/10 EOM
2% discount if
paid within 10
days, otherwise
net amount due
within 30 days.
1% discount if
paid within first 10
days of next
month.
Net amount due
within the first 10
days of the next
month.
15
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts
Example: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of
$3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returns
and allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of the
discount period. Prepare the journal entry Sauk Stereo
makes to record its May 14 payment. (terms: 2/10, n/30)
May 14
Accounts payable
Inventory
Cash
3,500
70
3,430
(Discount = $3,500 x 2% = $70)
16
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts

Should discounts be taken when offered?
◦ If cash is sitting idle and not generating any
return then discount should be taken
◦ If cash is generating a return then compare the
income with the discount amount and take the
one with higher advantage.
 Examples of returns: Bank interests, Stock profits,
Bond interests etc.
17
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Example:

Discount of 2% on $3,500
$
$3,500 invested at 10% p.a. for 20 days
70.00
19.18
((3500*0.10)/365)*20=19.18

Savings by taking the discount
$
50.82
18
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Summary of Purchasing Transactions
Merchandise Inventory
Debit
4th - Purchase
6th – Freight-in
Balance
$3,800
150
Credit
$300
70
8th - Return
14th - Discount
$3,580
19
Recording Sales of Merchandise
(Perpetual system)

Made using cash or credit (on account).

Normally recorded when earned, usually
when goods transfer from seller to buyer.

Sales invoice should support each credit
sale.
20
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Journal Entries to Record a Sale
#1
Cash or Accounts receivable
XXX
Sales revenue
#2
Cost of goods sold
Inventory
XXX
XXX
Selling
Price
Cost
XXX
21
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Example: Assume PW Audio Supply records its May 4 sale
of $3,800 to Sauk Stereo on account (Illustration 5-5) as
follows. Assume the merchandise cost PW Audio Supply
$2,400.
May 4
Accounts receivable
3,800
Sales revenue
4
Cost of goods sold
Inventory
3,800
2,400
2,400
22
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Sales Returns and Allowances

“Flipside” of purchase returns and allowances.

Customer/Client may be dissatisfied because goods are
damaged or defective, of inferior quality, or do not meet
specifications.

Contra-revenue account (Sales returns and allowances ) (debit).

Sales not reduced (debited) because:
►
Would obscure importance of sales returns and allowances
as a percentage of sales.
►
Could distort comparisons.
23
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Example: Prepare the entry PW Audio Supply would make to
record the credit for returned goods that had a $300 selling
price (assume a $140 cost). Assume the goods were not
defective.
May 8
Sales returns and allowances
300
Accounts receivable
8
Inventory
Cost of goods sold
300
140
140
24
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Example: Assume the returned goods were defective and
had a scrap value of $50, PW Audio would make the following
entries:
May 8
Sales returns and allowances
300
Accounts receivable
8
Inventory
Cost of goods sold
300
50
50
25
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Sales Discount

Offered to customers to promote prompt payment.

“Flipside” of purchase discount.

Contra-revenue account (Sales discounts) (debit).

*(3800-300-70=3430)
26
Recording Sales of Merchandise
Example: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of
$3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returns
and allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of the
discount period. Prepare the journal entry PW Audio Supply
makes to record the receipt on May 14.
May 14
Cash
Sales discounts
Accounts receivable
3,430
70*
3,500
* [($3,800 – $300) X 2%]
27
Completing the Accounting Cycle
Adjusting Entries

Generally the same as a service company.

One additional adjustment to make the records agree with
the actual inventory on hand.


In perpetual inventory system adjustment is required
only when records are incorrect due to recording errors,
theft or waste.
Involves adjusting Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold.
28
Completing the Accounting Cycle
Example: Suppose that PW Audio Supply has an unadjusted
balance of $40,500 in Merchandise Inventory. Through a
physical count, PW Audio determines that its actual
merchandise inventory at year-end is $40,000. The company
would make an adjusting entry as follows.
Cost of goods sold
Inventory
500
500
29
Completing the Accounting Cycle
Closing
Entries
30
Completing the Accounting Cycle
Closing Entries
31
Forms of Financial Statements
Multiple-Step Income Statement

Shows several steps in determining net income.

Two steps relate to principal operating activities.

Distinguishes between operating and non-operating activities.

The multi-step income statement involves the use of multiple sub-totals within
the income statement, which makes it easier for readers to aggregate selected
types of information within the report.

The usual subtotals are for the gross margin, operating expenses, and other
income, which allow readers to determine how much the company earns just
from its manufacturing activities (the gross margin), what it spends on supporting
operations (the operating expense total) and what component of its results do
not relate to its core activities (the other income total).
32
Forms of Financial Statement
Multiple
Step Income
Statement
Key Items:

Net sales

Gross profit

Gross profit
rate
33
Forms of Financial Statement
Multiple Step
Income
Statement
Key Items:

Net sales

Gross profit

Operating
expenses:
Operating expenses are
those expenditures that
a business incurs to
engage in any activities
not directly associated
with the production of
goods or services.
(Selling, general &
administrative exp)
34
Forms of Financial Statement
Multiple-Step Income Statement
Key Items:

Net sales

Gross profit

Operating
expenses

Nonoperating
activities

Net income
35
Forms of Financial Statement
MultipleStep
Income
Statement
36
Forms of Financial Statement
Single-Step Income Statement

Subtract total expenses from total revenues

Two reasons for using the single-step format:
1. Company does not realize any profit until total
revenues exceed total expenses.
2. Format is simpler and easier to read.
37
Forms of Financial Statement
Single-Step Income Statement
38
Forms of Financial Statement
Classified Balance Sheet
39