Transcript Document

Relationship between Measured Indicator Microbes, Pathogens, and Human Health
Effect Levels in a Non-point Source Subtropical Marine Recreational Beach
A. M. Abdelzaher
[email protected]
H.M. Solo-Gabriele
[email protected]
305-284-2908
Amir Abdelzaher, Mary Wright, Cristina Ortega, A. Rasem Hasan, Helena Solo-Gabriele , Tomoyoku Shibata, Jonathan Kish, Kelly Withum, Guoqing He, Samir Elmir, J.
Alfredo Bonilla, Tonya D. Bonilla, Carol Palmer, Troy Scott, George Lukasik, Valerie J. Harwood, Shannon McQuaig, Chris Sinigalliano, Maribeth Gidley, David Wanless,
Kelly Goodwin, Lisa Plano, Cristy A. Garza, Xiaofang Zhu, John D. Wang, Jill Stewart, Helen Yampara-Iquise, Charles Carson, Jerold Dickerson, Jay Fleisher, Lora Fleming.
MATERIALS & METHODS
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES
 Determine beach water quality in terms of indicator microbe and pathogen levels.
 Determine if associations (if any) exist between indicator microbes, pathogens,
and environmental factors.
Epidemiology
Correlation coefficients (p<0.05) between indicator
microbes, pathogens, and environmental factors
3
 Health Data + Environmental Data
 15 Sampling Days: December 2007 to June 2008
2.5
DryHealth
sand Interview
70
Organism
Correlated with:
R
p
60
Enterococci (MF)
E. coli
C. perfringens
0.57
0.57
0.02
0.03
50
Enterococci (CS)
Bacteroidales (human UCD)
0.68
0.005
solar radiation
Fecal coliform
-0.56
0.68
0.03
0.005
C. perfringens
solar radiation
turbidity
0.70
0.53
-0.58
0.004
0.04
0.02
40
1.5
30
E. coli
Water Temperature
1
20
Non-Bathers
Randomized
0.5
10
0
CFU/100 ml
Water sampling
Bathers
GEU/100 ml
 Composite Samples (bather collected)
 30-60 bathers per day collected 5 L each over approximately 3.5 hr sample
duration.
 1 L from each 5L collected per bather pooled together for a total of 30-60 L
sample per day.
 Analysis of pathogens, indicator microbes, & MST.
CFU/500 ml
CFU/100 ml
% excess
illness

pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity

solar radiation, tidal height, rain, wind speed, camara images
Investigator Collected
GEU/100 ml
PFU/100 ml
 Analysis of pathogens: protozoa and viruses
Bather Collected
TSC/100 ml
per 500 ml
 10 L samples collected periodically over 3.5 hr sampling duration.
 Environmental Measurements
#organisms
/100L
per 1 L
 Composite Samples (investigator collected)
 Determine association (if any) between health effects and water quality (indicator
microbes, pathogens, and environmental factors).
%
m
Environ. Measures
STUDY SITE
Note: Parameters that did not meet normalcy requirements (such as rainfall,
post-HT sampling %, pathogens, coliphage, and all of the source tracking
markers except Bacteriodales UCD), mostly due to being frequently below
detection limits, were not evaluated statistically.
0
<2
<2
3
<2
55
68
1.6
1.1
1.6
391
64
3
neg
neg
pos
<0.3
<0.3
pos
11
0.0%
10.3%
0.5%
0%
0.41
15
<2
104
<2
52
81
<0.6
<0.6
<0.5
2090
51
<1
pos
neg
neg
<0.3
1
pos
16
9.7%
3.0%
0.0%
0%
0.50
4
31
27
7
61
233
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1640
59
5
neg
neg
neg
<0.3
1.7
pos
24
4.8%
4.8%
5.1%
0%
0.60
15
3
10
<2
18
512
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
532
15
<1
pos
neg
neg
<0.3
<0.3
neg
11
0.1%
-2.3%
-4.7%
0%
0.05
rising rising rising ebbing
(W/m2)
Hobie Cat
Beach
Rainfall (0-6 hours)
Rainfall ( 6-24 hrs)
Rainfall (24-48 hrs)
Turbidity (NTU)
2
 Total sample volume = 225 L

Indicators and pathogen association with rain and
turbidity
NTU
 Study Design: Randomized exposure assessment study
 Determine daily cumulative health effects (Gastrointestinal illness as well as skin,
eye, ear and respiratory infection) for bathers.
 Identify possible implications on beach regulation practices.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
cm of rain
Studies which evaluate the relationship between indicator microbes, pathogens,
and human health at recreational beaches, especially at non-point source beaches,
are rare, although such studies are necessary for establishing criteria which would
protect public health while minimizing economic burdens. The objectives of this
study were to evaluate water quality (indicator microbes, pathogens, and
environmental factors) and daily cumulative health effects (gastrointestinal, skin,
and respiratory illnesses) for bathers at a non-point source subtropical marine
recreational beach in order to better understand the inter-relationships between
these factors and hence improve monitoring and pollution prevention techniques.
Daily composite samples were collected during the BEACHES epidemiology study
conducted in Miami (FL) at a non-point source subtropical marine beach. These
samples were analyzed for several pathogens, microbial source tracking markers,
indicator microbes, and environmental parameters. Analysis demonstrated that
rainfall and tide were the more influential factors in determining the presence of
both indicator microbes and pathogens, while direct relationships between
indicators and pathogens were not identified. Rainfall and F+ coliphage should be
further assessed to confirm their possible relationship with skin and GI illness,
respectively. The results of this research demonstrated the complexity of beach
systems characterized by non-point sources, and how more novel and
comprehensive approaches are needed to assess beach water quality for the
purpose of protecting bather health.
Presented by:
H.M. Solo-Gabriele
241
230 325
449
13
7
20
1295
13
1647
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
4738
43
<1
pos
pos
neg
<0.3
<0.3
pos
4
2.2%
4.2%
0.0%
21%
0.47
99
83
196
1653
69
483
<0.5
<0.5
<0.6
120
25
<1
neg
pos
neg
<0.3
<0.3
pos
<2
2.4%
8.6%
0.0%
84%
0.45
109
27
61
402
100
89
<0.5
2.1
<0.6
463
28
<1
neg
neg
neg
<0.3
<0.3
neg
8
5.8%
8.3%
5.9%
29%
0.57
<2
3
66
13
23
124
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<1
25
<1
pos
pos
neg
<0.3
<0.3
neg
<2
0.2%
7.7%
7.3%
0%
0.15
3
<2
<2
4
13
46
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
314
6
<1
neg
pos
neg
<0.3
<0.3
pos
11
0.5%
2.8%
2.2%
0%
0.27
29
3
5
5
124
2361
0.9
2.3
2.2
12900
273
<1
neg
neg
neg
<0.3
<0.3
pos
<2
4.2%
15.6%
2.0%
0%
0.03
50
23
9
34
43
974
<0.7
<0.7
0.5
1102
407
<1
neg
neg
neg
<0.3
<0.3
neg
<2
1.9%
11.5%
2.0%
77%
0.53
13
25
127
24
15
472
1
<0.5
<0.6
119
4
<1
neg
neg
pos
<0.3
0.3
pos
19
-0.1%
5.1%
0.0%
0%
0.33
<2
<2
7
6
11
449
<0.5
1.5
<0.5
<1
<1
<1
neg
neg
pos
<0.3
0.3
pos
14
4.1%
5.9%
-2.0%
0%
0.28
14
30
159
159
48
285
<0.5
<0.5
0.5
516
37
<1
neg
neg
neg
<0.3
<0.3
pos
2
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0%
0.19
<2
Enterococci (MF)
17
E.coli
147
Fecal coliform
16
C. perfringens
68
Enterococci(CS)
637
Enterococci (qPCR)
0.5
Cryptosporidium oocysts
1
Giardia cysts
0.53
Enterovirus
538 Bacteroidales Dog-Specific
28
Bacteroidales UCD
<1
Bacteroidales HF8
neg
B. thetaiotaomicron
neg
Polyomavirus
neg
Enterococci esp gene
<0.3
F+ coliphage
<0.3
F- coliphage
pos
V.vulnificus
13
S. aureus
-4.9%
GI Illness
-1.1%
Skin Illness
0.0%
AFRI
0%
Post-HT Sampling
0.45
Tidal Height
rising ebbing rising rising rising rising ebbing ebbing rising ebbing rising
Tidal Stage
383 260 190 352 312 366 378 393 380 113 236
Solar Radiation
SUMMARY
LEFT: Beach “snapshots” including microbial
indicators, source tracking markers, pathogen
levels and excess illness percentages
between bathers and non-bathers rates, and
their potential association with environmental
parameters. Data highlighted to indicate
possible influence of rainfall. Data circled or
with a rectangle to indicate possible
relationships between factors (see results).
Excess illness percentage rates of 0%
represent sampling days where there was
neither
bather
nor
non-bathers
illness/infection
while
negative
values
represent days in which the number of cases
in non-bathers exceeded the number in
bathers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Virginia Key within Miami-Dade
County, Florida, USA.
 Rainfall, tide, and solar radiation impact microbe levels

Pets are allowed

Beach admission is free
 Indicators and pathogens likely de-coupled after release in the
environment

Subtropical beach

No known pt source of pollution

Frequently exceeds enterococci standard (104/100
ml) for single samples.
 Further EPI studies to include 24-hr prior rainfall and coliphage
(F+ & F-)
 Complexity of non-point source beach system calls for a
different approach
 Focus not on correlating single organisms with health or
organisms with each other
 The need for more sampling coupled with measures of human
health outcomes
 Obvious source prevention
 runoff, bather shedding, animal inputs
 “Comprehensive Tool Box with Approval Process Approach”
 use multiple lines of evidence instead of relying on only one
measure of a fecal indicator
Microbial Analysis of Water
 Enterococci
 EPA recommended marine bacterial indicator
 Analyzed by MF, chromogenic substrate, and qPCR.
 Fecal coliform, E. coli, and C. perfringens
Indicator
Microbes
National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Florida Dept of Health (FL DOH), Florida Dept of Environmental Protection
(FL DEP), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Internship Program, National Science Foundation (NSF) & National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Oceans
and Human Health Center at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School (NSF 0CE0432368/0911373; NIEHS 1 P50 ES12736), NSF REU in OHH, NSF SGER (NSF SGER
0743987) in OHH. We would also like to thank IDEXX and the numerous students which assisted in this study for their support .
 Coliphage (F+ and F-)
 Human Polyomavirus (HPyVs) & ESP gene for
enterococci
 Bacteriodes (B. thetaiotaomicron , human
UCD, human HF8, dog TSC),
Microbial
Source
Tracking
 S. aureus & Vibrio vulnificus
Composite Sampling Area
Daily Sampling Transect
Study
Beach
Composite Sampling Area
Daily Sampling Transect
 Cryptosporidium & Giardia
 enterovirus, norovirus , reovirus & hepatitus A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Pathogens