Transcript Slide 1
THE COLD WAR CHAPTERS 16 &17 POST WAR POLITICS YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN AGREED ON: United Nations International Peacekeeping organization Division of Germany Democratic Elections for Poland German POW’s Forced Labor POST WAR POLITICS POTSDAM CONFERENCE: JULY 1945 TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN AMERICAN VIEW: We had fought to bring DEMOCRACY to the world Wanted an ECONOMICALLY strong and POLITICALLY open world to create MARKETS SOVIET VIEW: Wanted to rebuild to PROTECT interests SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject to soviet domination USSR EXPANSION 1947: Hungary and Romania 1948 Albania and Bulgaria 1948: Czechoslovakia 1948: Finland & Yugoslavia 1949: East Germany COLD WAR: The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world Harry S Truman Became President in 1945 Ran again in 1948 Didn’t graduate college “Fair Deal” meant to create welfare & employment Republicans blocked Desegregated the military How do we stop the spread of Communism? How do win the Cold War? Force? Blockades? Embargo? Threats? THINK – ANSWER THIS QUESTION YOURSELF PAIR – COMPARE YOUR ANSWER WITH YOUR GROUP, DECIDE ON A GROUP ANSWER US REACTION TO COMMUNISM IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line between communist countries and the “WEST” George Kennan: Containment: Eastern Europe is already lost to Communism US must stop the spread of Communism TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Support Free peoples’ resistance to Communism MARSHALL PLAN American Policy makers didn’t want to repeat postWWI mistakes We wanted to restore war-torn nations 1ST FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT in postwar foreign policy: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 2ND: MARSHALL PLAN: USA will support European nations’ economic recovery USSR invited to participate Refused $13 and pressured satellite nations to do same Billion in aid to Western Europe BERLIN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER CAEN, FRANCE BEFORE AFTER DRESDEN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER LONDON, ENGLAND BEFORE AFTER ROTTERDAM, HOLAND BEFORE AFTER BERLIN AIRLIFT Capitalist Western Berlin & Communist East Berlin became symbols of the developing cold war Hundreds of Thousands of Eastern Europeans left East Berlin Stalin wanted to force Westerners out of Berlin Berlin Airlift June, 1948: All shipments through East Germany were banned Truman didn’t want to risk war BERLIN AIRLIFT: moved supplies into West Berlin by plane More than 200,000 flights Fuel, food, other supplies May, 1949: Soviets gave up blockade NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance In 1955, USSR responded with… WARSAW PACT: military alliance between USSR with its satellite nations Collins Type III What was the Berlin Airlift? Who, What, Where, When, Why? How was it an example of the “Cold War?” ___/ 10 FCA 1: Neatly written, correct spelling ___/ 10 FCA 2: Two complete paragraphs ___/ 20 FCA 3: Completely answer the question The Cold War Continues (1949) 1949: USSR gets the bomb! October 1, 1949: People’s Republic of China World Relations 1949: USSR develops the Atomic Bomb! 1952: In response, the US developed the Hydrogen Bomb: fireball 3 mile diameter, 25 mile high cloud Some didn’t want to build it, Truman gave OK 1953: USSR developed H-Bomb BRINKMANSHIP Making threats without following through Post War America POST WAR ECONOMY GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: market value of all goods and services produced DOUBLES! 1945: $212 billion 1960: $504 billion PER CAPITA INCOME: average income per person $1,526 To $2,788 BUSINESS REORGANIZE CONGLOMERATES: Large corporation that owns smaller companies that produce different goods and services FRANCHISES: The right to open a restaurant using a parent company’s brand name and system CHANGES IN WORKFORCE Machines do the jobs people used to. WHITE COLLAR: performing services for others GI Bill “Government Issue” – nickname for soldiers •AIM: help veterans make a smooth entry into civilian life •Provided money for veterans to attend college or buy a house • GI Bill Helped millions of GI’s return to civilian life •Homes were bought •College attendance increased • Executive Order 9981 Ended segregation in the Armed Forces Baby Boom Dramatic Rise in the Birth Rate after the war Cultural Changes in 1950s Economic Boom created comfort and pride • • Baby Boom: soaring birthrates New Homes: Levittown, made possible by GI Bill Offered suburban lifestyle to many African Americans not allowed Built with necessities – even TVs! Levittown Between 1945-1950 5 million TVs By 1959 more than 40 million American • • • • • Politics: leaders campaigned, Joseph McCarthy Advertising: one show sponsored, then commercials! Programming: reflected 50s values (family, game shows) Family’s role Mom: Stay home, cook, clean, create the perfect home Dad: Provide financially, disciplinarian Children: Obey! Be seen, not heard. Create a House of Cards But one of you will be a spy… Cold War at Home 1947-1953 ACCUSATIONS “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?” 10 invoked 5th amendment rights: HOLLYWOOD TEN Jail times 6-12 months BLACKLIST: people employers agreed not to hire McCARRAN-WALTER ACT (1952) Most disloyal Americans from Communist countries Immigration quotas – discriminate against: Asia, Southern & Central Europe Truman: “One of the most un-American acts I have ever witnessed in my public career.” Congress passes over Truman’s veto LOYALTY Federal Employee Loyalty Program All new employees investigated FBI checks Those accused of “disloyalty” put before Loyalty Review Board Little chance to defend self Adds to the suspicion of nation HUAC House of Un-American Activities Committee Extended post-WWII to find Communist infiltration Movie industry Julius & Ethel Rosenberg American Communists Accused of selling A-Bomb secrets to USSR Pleaded the 5th Pablo Picasso “do not let this crime against humanity take place” Electrocuted in 1953 at Sing-Sing Julius guilty Ethel knew, but didn’t take part Another example of racism, fear? Senator Joseph McCarthy "The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.“ Senator Millard Tydings, was reported to have said, "Let me have him [McCarthy] for three days in public hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate again.“ Called McCarthy’s claims a “fraud and a hoax” Went after Tydings: created a fake photograph Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Investigated members of the government on TV Deemed books overseas “Pro-Communist” and had them burned Eisenhower: Don’t join the book burners! McCarthy then went after members of the military Army-McCarthy Hearings "The American people have had a look at you for six weeks," he said. "You are not fooling anyone." Censured by the Senate Died of alcoholism McCarthyism Spreading fear and making baseless charges Korea Before the War Korea under Japan’s control since 1905 Yalta: Allies agreed that Korea should be free from Japan Temporarily divide Korea at 38˚ Parallel North – USSR South -- America Start of the Korean War June, 1950 100,000 North Korean troops crossed 38˚ Parallel Carried Soviet-made weapons Eisenhower: “We’ll have a dozen Koreas soon if we don’t take a firm stand” Ordered US troops to support Korean Troops Korean War UN votes to support US efforts POLICE ACTION: not war! Protect Pusan at all costs Inchon Landing: Led by Douglas MacArthur, surprise! 70,000 troops landed and held ground October 1: all of South Korea freed Stop at 38 Parallel? End of the Korean War No! Make it to the Chinese border Chinese feel threatened 260,000 Chinese troops crossed border UN forces retreat to Seoul MacArthur called for bombing of China Fired Fighting ended in 1951 80,000 Americans wounded 14,000 Dead Collins Type II How did the fear of communism affect American Policy at home and abroad? Legislation Trials Politics Berlin Korea etc Title: Red Scare’s effects on US policy Soviets advance in Technology USSR behind in number of weapons October 4, 1957: Soviets launched SPUTNIK: first satellite launched into space NASA: investigated the future of exploring space Fear Rises in the New Suburbs Political Changes 1951 – congress passes 22nd amendment President may only serve two terms Reaction to whom?? Dwight Eisenhower & Richard Nixon Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000 as campaign PRESIDENT “gifts” (not illegal, but accused of dishonesty) Nixon used new technology, TV, to give famous “Checkers Speech” Ticket wins 1953: Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes to power VICE PRESIDENT Making Deals…Or Not Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” treaty Both countries would be able to fly over other’s territory to see military operations Soviets say no! (not a problem, we have the U2 Plane!) Americans still like Ike, re-elect him in 1956 Cold War “Hot Spots” In 1954 France was losing a battle to maintain their colony – Vietnam Peace Agreement divided Vietnam in half North Half: Communist, Leader: Ho Chi Minh Supposed to temporary 1956 elections for Vietnamese to choose what they wanted to be Eisenhower didn’t like this –why?? Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Members would work together to resist Communism Vietnam SEATO supported the creation of Anti-Communist nation: South Vietnam US provided a lot of support for South Vietnam Why? North Vietnamese wanted to bring all of Vietnam together Middle East 1948: Creation of Israel Israel’s Arab neighbors (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq) attacked Israel, Israel won Egypt sought the support of the USSR, so the US withdrew their support from Egypt In response, Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal right of the US to help, on request, any nation in the Middle East trying to resist Communist Aggression Make two timelines – running parallel POTSDAM SATELLITE NATIONS COLD WAR • 1945-1989 CONTAINMENT TRUMAN DOCTRINE MARSHALL PLAN BERLIN AIRLIFT MCCARRENWALTER ACT BLACK LIST COLD WAR • 1945-1989 CONGLOMERATE FRANCHISE GI BILL EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 MCCARTHYISM COLD WAR • 1945-1989 KOREAN WAR