Transcript ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw
Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan
Lien-Siang Chou
Professor, Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University Founder, Taiwan Cetacean Society Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
What are cetaceans?
Cetaceans
= whales + dolphins (porpoise) – Difference between whales & dolphins?
Difference from Fish?
– Morphology… – Physiology… – Reproduction… Hector ’s Dolphin Human Orca Humpback Sperm Whale Blue Whale NTU Lien Siang Chou 2
Wiki Chris huh 3
What are Cetaceans?
Order Cetacea
鯨目 Suborder Mysticeti, – Baleen whales 鬚鯨亞目 , 15 spp Suborder Odontoceti, – Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目 , 70 spp 4
Order Cetacea 鬚鯨亞目 (Suborder Mysticeti ) Foraging tool: baleen 齒鯨亞目 (Suborder Odontoceti) Foraging tool: teeth Flickr Patrick Keogh Flickr TooFarNorth
Diet trace of tooth whales
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Fish ear bones under microscope
Species identification Body length estimation Foraging water depth Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Flickr zorankovacevic Toothed whale has one blow hole Baleen whale has two blow holes Flickr toniluca
How cetaceans understand their world ？ By eyes?
By sound?
Bottlenose dolphin Flickr Stacy Lynn Baum
Echolocation pathways
Wiki Emoscopes
Types of cetacean sound
( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin
Pulsed type
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab kHz 10 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
s
Spectrum axis Y =Freqeuncy of sound (kHz) ; axis X= Length of sound (second) .
( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin
Whistle, Unpulsed type
kHz 20 15 10 5 0.2
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 0.4
0.6
0.8
s
Song structure of Humpback whale’s sound
Song session (Hours) No. 4 Song (~12 min) Theme (~2 min) No. 5 Phrase Subphrase No. 6 0 15 30 45 60 Seconds 75 90 105 NTU Lien-Siang Chour. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications .
120
How intelligent are cetaceans
？
Indicators
Brain structures Learning/communication behaviors
Brain and Body Weight Human (
Animal
Homo
) Asiatic elephant (
Elephas
) Bottlenose dolphin (
Tursiops
)
Brain Weight (grams)
1500
Body Weight (tonnes)
0.07
Brain Weight / Body Weight
2.1% 7500 1600 5.00
0.17
0.15% 0.94% Common dolphin (
Delphinus
) 840 Pilot whale (
Globicephala
) 2670 Orca ( Cow (
Orcinus Bos
) ) Sperm whale (
Physeter
) Fin whale (
Balaenoptera
) 5620 500 7820 6930 0.11
3.50
6.00
0.6
37.00
90.00
0.76% 0.076% 0.094% 0.08% 0.021% 0.008% Source: by Mark Carwardine, 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2 nd edn. Checkmark Books.
Human Bottlenose Dolphin Cow
The Brain
Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebellum Brain Stem NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Mark Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2 nd edn. Checkmark Books.
Learning types of dolphins
Communication Imitation Language Tool using Creation (planned, innovative behavior) Flickr Gunrou Flickr Bill Strong Flickr Scott the Hobo
Learning in Language structure
L. M. Herman great learning research!! University of Hawaii (movie) Video links: NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz3sQsTE5tA&hd=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH68iL5SL3g&feature=related&hd=1
Uniqueness of cetaceans
Extremely low fertility
How many offspring can a female cetacean leave for her whole life?
High intelligence High cognitive ability 18
20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 鯨 豚 種 名 編 號 NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab Species name (by number) 19
How many Cetacean species in Taiwan ?
Order Cetacea
鯨目 30 species recorded in Taiwan – Baleen whales (7) – Toothed whales (23) 20
This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
21
Order Cetacea
鯨目
Suborder Mysticeti
鬚鯨亞目 Family Balaenidae 露脊鯨科 0 sp Family Neobalaenidae 小露脊鯨科 0 sp Family Eschrichtiidae 灰鯨科
Family Balaenopteridae
鬚鯨科 0 sp
8 sp
Suborder Odontoceti
Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目 (23 sp)
Family Physeteridea
抹香鯨科
Family Kogiidae
小抹香鯨科
1 sp 2 sp Family Ziphiidae
喙鯨科
4 sp Family Phocoenidae
鼠海豚科
Family Delphinidae
海豚科 Family Monodontidae 一角鯨科
1 sp 15 sp
0 sp Superfamily Platanistoidea 淡水豚超科 0 sp
Common species in eastern waters
飛旋海豚
Spinner dolphin
瑞氏 ( 花紋 ) 海豚 Risso’s dolphin NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 熱帶斑海豚 Pantropical spotted dolphin NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 弗氏海豚 Fraser’s dolphin NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 24
Famous whales in eastern waters
大翅鯨 Humpback whale NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 虎鯨 Killer whale NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 抹香鯨 Sperm whale NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 25
Updated cetacean species diversity in Taiwan
Boat survey: confirmed 23 sp Stranding record: confirmed 27 sp.
in total, 31 species confirmed!
36% of the world cetacean species 26
The treasures in the Taiwan Strait
！ 中華白海豚 Chinese white dolphin NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab Wiki Alessio Marrucci 江豚（露脊鼠海豚） Finless porpoise
Recent focus - The endangered population
Chinese white dolphin :
Sousa chinensis
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 28
Threats to Chinese white dolphins in Taiwan
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab • • • • Habitat loss & degradation Chemical pollution Fishery impact Noise/transportation impact NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Life history
6 dev. stages
Sexual mature at 9-10 yr old Calving interval: 3-4yr Life span, 30-40 yr
<8 mon NTU Lien-Siang Chou <18 mon 30
Status of Sousa population in Taiwan
IUCN Red List
IUCN red list :
Critically Endangered 2008.8.29
Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) (Adequate data) (Evaluated) Near Threatened (NT) Data Deficient (DD) Least Concern (LC) Not Evaluated (NE) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species WW: Near Threatened (NT) TW:
Critically Endangered (CR)
Home range: – North: Miaoli – South: Tainan Water depth: – Ave: 7.6 m (~32m) – 95% < 15 m Distance from land: – ave1.4 km (~ 6 Km) – 95% < 3 km ** Two hot area NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Population size of Sousa in Taiwan
Photo Identification 82-88Ind Calf & Juvenile = about 10% Estimate 90-97 individuals
Quasimodo
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab Side No. adults L 6 R 9 2 73 Range ： 82 – 88 Individuals NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Marine protected area 7 MPA in China
Xiamen 33,088 ha Taiwan 75,000 ha Hong Kong 1,200 ha PRE 46,000 ha NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
The change of Cetacean status in Taiwan
A turning point-- Spring 1990
35
Whaling industry off coastal Taiwan during1913-1967, but offshore factory Whaling stopped in 1982.
The above three photos are licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity &
36
A Critical event
Spring 1990, Penghu Islands ( Pescadores Is.) “Earth Trust” NGO from USA filmed dolphin slaughtering, and released film in Hawaii.
http://www.earthtrust.org/penghu.html
International conservation pressure on Taiwan government 37
Turning Point
August 1990 : cetaceans were added to the Protected Species List under the
Wildlife Conservation Act
(passed in 1989). 38
Development of Stranding Response Program
1.
• Early stage: 1990~1993 Ocean World, Taipei, Richard Chen 2.
• Stage:1994~1999 NTU university, Chou’s team 3.
• Stage:1999~2007 Taiwan Cetacean Society, coordinating 4. Stage: 2008~ County governments play more active roles.
39
Development of stranding responding program
Stage II: Many scholars and volunteers in diverse fields of study started joining collaboration or conservation action. TCSN ( Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network ) was formed in 1996. TCS ( Taiwan Cetacean Society ) was founded in 1998.
40
Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network (TCSN) founded in Nov 1996.
Supervision
Council of Agriculture Assistance: Police, Coast Guard Local governments
Coordination
Taiwan Cetacean Society
Execution
Event response
Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
Divisions of Rescue, Release, Research, Rehabilitation, Medical treatment, including off shore islands
41
Development of stranding response program Stage III:
Stranding project & coordination shifted to TCS (Taiwan cetacean society) public education programs (many symposia, workshops) were held with frequent media reports the awareness of cetacean conservation in Taiwan has rapidly improved.
42
Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Cetacean Stranding database Central competent authority : Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan Reporting Local competent authority: county or city government Reporting Research Team
•
National Taiwan U
•
National Cheng Kung U
•
National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium
•
National Sun Yat-sen U
•
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Rehabilitation Hospital
•
National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium
•
Taijiang rescure center(NCKU)
•
Institute of Animal and Plant Health.
•
Penghu Aquariu
•
Yehliu Ocean World
Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
Rescue Team
•
Coast Guard Administration
•
Institute of Animal and Plant Health.
•
Taiwan Cetacean Society
•
International Headquarters S.A.R ,Taiwan
•
Local Fire Department
•
Other NGOs
TCSN Cetacean stranding data bank
http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/index.php
• 1994至2010年 • 共有 627 個擱淺事件 • 至少包括27種鯨豚 • 每年約 40 件 Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
Typical stranding pattern
45
Annual variation of cetacean stranding events (n=473 reports) 140 120 100 NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab
TCSN founded Rate= 44.4 rpt/yr
80 Rate= 10.4 rpt/yr 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Total annual stranding rate=30/yr Events Animals 46
19/7-13/8, 2005 23 strandings Is it atypical ？ NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 47
– Comparison in stranding frequency – Comparison in species composition About 90% are deep diving species !
– Postmortem examination Some of them with obvious bubble-lesion of internal organs.
conclusion: Atypical stranding!
keeping long term work is crucial!
48
Live stranding & Rehabilitation
49
44% 56% Live stranding Dead stranding NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab
The percentage of live (n=208) and dead (n=265) stranding events in Taiwan, 1990~2005.
50
The first released dolphin A male Risso’s dolphin,
A male Risso ’s dolphin stranded in June 2000, and rehabilitated for 64 days.
(No. 16)
In September 2000, Taiwan Cetacean Society released this animal.
51
The first released dolphin A male Risso’s dolphin, Jun-Sep 2000
(No. 16)
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 52
Whale watching development in Taiwan
53
First whale-watching boat, Sea-Whale, started her cruises in the summer of 1997 NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 54
The growth of whale watching in Taiwan
1997 ， one boats at Shihti,Hualien 1998 ， >4 boats 1999 ， >12 boats 2000 ， >25 boats 2001 ， >33 boats 2003 , >32 boats 2006, ~ 26 boats 55
Ao-di port：2 Wu-shi port：10 Su-ao port：5 Hua-lien port：7 Shi-ti port：4 Cheng-gong port：2 Jia-lan port：2 ： Range for cruising routes ： Major oceanic area for whale watching NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
The numbers of whale-watching boats, the harbors and oceanic area for whale-watching tourism in Taiwan (2003).
56
The growth of whale watching in Taiwan
1997 ， one boats At Shihti, Hualien 1998 ， >4 boats 1999 ， >12 boats 2000 ， >25 boats 2001 ， >33 boats … Now, ~26 boats 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1996 1998 200 0 200 2 NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 200 4 200 6
One of the fastest growing enterprise in the world (IFAW) 2001
57
Boat ticket price
1997: 1500 NT 2000: ca 1000 NT 2003: ca 800 NT Present: ca 600 NT 58
The average expenditure of whale-watching cruises and of whole trips.(2003) Wu-shi port Hua-lien port Shi-ti port Cheng-gong port Jia-lan port Mean (US$) NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab Expense of cruise ticket 805 870 775 774 834 Total cost for a trip 3991 6047 3906 5304 8511 808 (24) 4752 (142) 1500NT(1997) 1200 1000 800 600 NT
賞鯨遊程總花費 (1997 to 2003)
2003年賞鯨遊客人數近24萬人，引進相關收益高達11億台幣。 15 12 9 6 3 0 1997 1998 199 9 200 0 NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 60
Potential problem is growing!
Potential harassment to cetaceans Severe business competition low price, low quality 61
W W regulations in Taiwan
No Law to follow, could only be listed as guidelines, or notifications Enforcement is limited, almost none.
63
Facing great Challenging now!
Ticket price drop, economic recession WW tour quality drop Sustainable of cetacean populations?
64
Current strategies --
for help in the management and control of industry market Eco-labeling * However, these actions have also invited some complains from the operators TEIA 黃苙詒 65
Whale-watching Award
2003, Among 33 boats, 8 boat owners have applied. (application fee=US$ 1300) 4 boats passed assessment process – 2 Awards given in May 2004 – 2 Awards given in June 2005 – Re-application motivation is low Now, there are 8 boats with Awards.
66
http://whalewatching.org.tw/tw/ Source: Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website Wu-shi port Hua-lien port Shi-ti port Cheng-gong port NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎
Major Whale-watching regions of the world Wiki Crates Edited by 王有禎
Whale watching could play a pivotal role in transforming the relation between the humans and the cetacean
from Consumptive Exploitation to Co-existence
This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
69
E N D !
70
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Wiki Chris huh http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetaceans.svg
2011/9/27 visited Flickr Patrick Keogh http://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_keogh/3990016840/sizes/l/in/photo stream/ 2011/9/28 visited Flickr TooFarNorth http://www.flickr.com/photos/toofarnorth/5590138967/sizes/l/in/photostr eam/ 2011/9/28 visited Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih Flickr toniluca http://www.flickr.com/photos/toniluca/2223507438/sizes/o/in/photostre am/ 2011/9/27 visited Flickr zorankovacevic http://www.flickr.com/photos/jantjesmit/287116990/sizes/l/in/photostrea m/ 2011/9/27 visited 72
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
Flickr Stacy Lynn Baum http://www.flickr.com/photos/stacylynn/3188843064/sizes/l /in/photostream/ 2011/9/28 visited Wiki Emoscopes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothed_whale_sound_pro duction.png
2011/9/28 visited NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab kHz 10 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
s kHz 20 15 10 5 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
s Pulse type sound Whisle, unpulse type sound NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 73
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications.
NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Mark Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2 nd edn. Checkmark Books. Flickr Gunrou http://www.flickr.com/photos/gnurou/3962386904/sizes/l/in/photostrea m/ 2011/10/20 visited Flickr Scott the Hobo
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dapperscoo/166798613/sizes/l/in/ph otostream/
2011/9/28 visited Flickr Bill Strong
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bstrong/150196541/sizes/o/in/photo stream/
2011/9/28 visited NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 74
Copyrights
License Work
20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 鯨 豚 種 名 編 號
Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 75
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab Wiki Alessio Marrucci http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FinlessPorpoise5.jpg
2012/04/12 NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 76
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab This work is from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/static/categories_criteria_3_1 and used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 The "Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for OpenCourseWare 2009 ( http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/sites/default/files/10-305-OCW Oct29.pdf
Act )" by A Committee of Practitioners of OpenCourseWare in the U.S. The contents are based on Section 107 of the 1976 U.S. Copyright 77
Work License
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
78
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau GET http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/ and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau GET http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/ and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau GET http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/ and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Events Animals NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 56% Live stranding Dead stranding 44% 79
Copyrights
Work License
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab 80
Copyrights
Work License
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab TEIA 黃苙詒 http://e-info.org.tw/node/24186 2011/11/18 visited 81
Copyrights
Work License Author/Source
This work is from used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 52 & 65 by GET Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website and NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎 http://goworldwind.org/demos/ 2011/10/3 visited Wiki Crates; Edited by 王有禎 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_blank_without_border s.svg
2011/10/20 visited This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
82