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Get out notepaper and List all the ecological relationships you expect to be occurring in this image? Be prepared to share KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. • Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings. • An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator. Organism Organism • A population is a group of the same species that lives in one area. Population Population Organism Organism • A community is a group of different species that live together in one area. Community Community Population Population Organism Organism • An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Population Population Organism Organism • A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there. Biome Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Population Population Organism Organism Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling. • Observation is the act of carefully watching something over time. • Observations of populations can be done by visual surveys. – Direct surveys for easy to spot species employ binoculars or scopes. – Indirect surveys are used for species that are difficult to track and include looking for other signs of their presence. • Experiments are performed in the lab or in the field. – Lab experiments give researchers more control. – Lab experiments are not reflective of the complex interactions in nature. – Field experiments give a more accurate picture of natural interactions. – Field experiments may not help determine actual cause and effect. • Computer and mathematical models can be used to describe and model nature. • Modeling allows scientists to learn about organisms or ecosystems in ways that would not be possible in a natural or lab setting. Ecologists use data transmitted by GPS receivers worn by elephants to develop computer models of the animal’s movements. List all the ecological relationships you expect to be occurring in this image? 6 April 13.3 – Energy in ecosystems 13.4 – Food chains and food webs 13.5 – Cycling of matter 13.6 – Pyramid models Define the following words: Limiting factors – Producer (autotroph) – Niche – Decomposer – Population density – Trophic level – Predation – Biodiversity – Competition – Consumer (heterotroph, primary-secondary-tertiary) – 7 April Please Define these words Food Chain – Food Web – Nitrogen fixation – Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. • Producers get their energy from non-living resources. • Producers are also called autotrophs because they make their own food. Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight. • Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source. Includes green plants, cyanobacteria, and some protists. • Chemosynthesis in prokaryote producers uses chemicals as an energy source. Includes deep-sea organisms and those found in hydrothermal pools and marsh flats. carbon dioxide + water + hydrogen sulfide + oxygen sugar + sulfuric acid Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. • Consumers are organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources. • Consumers are also called heterotrophs because they feed off of different things. Please Define these words Food Chain – Food Web – Nitrogen fixation – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-eIdNScatA Bill Nye – food webs 8 April Please do these Study Guide questions. Page 133 134 135 136 137 139 140 Question #s all 9, 10, 11 all Draw the “Be Creative” all all 13, 14, 9 April Analyze the graph below and describe what these data points represent and what is the overall meaning of the trend. Part one – write a paragraph describing the graph. Part two – in the box “Annual Cycle”, what is causing the increases and decreases between April to October? This is an individual project – please turn in your answer for a grade. Water cycles through the environment. • The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. • Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation surface runoff lake water storage in ocean groundwater Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. • A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem. • The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration. • Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients. • Carbon is the building block of life. – The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. – Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. – Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks. carbon dioxide in air combustion respiration photosynthesis respiration decomposition of organisms fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water • The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. – Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. – Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live nitrogen in atmosphere freely in animals the soil. plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers roots ammonification nitrogen-fixing ammonium bacteria in soil nitrifying bacteria nitrates nitrifying bacteria nitrites denitrifying bacteria – Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. – Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. – Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during nitrogen in decomposition. atmosphere animals plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers roots ammonification nitrogen-fixing ammonium bacteria in soil nitrifying bacteria nitrates nitrifying bacteria nitrites denitrifying bacteria 9 April Please do these Study Guide questions. Page 141 142 143 144 Question #s all all all all Define: Keystone Species Eutrophication 17 April Last section – Human Impact, Chapter 14 Dermal tissue – Ground tissue – Vascular tissue – Cambium – Guard cells – Stomata – Transpiration – Root hairs – Root cap – Meristem – Monocot – Dicot – In your notebook, make a list of all the ways that humans have an effect on the environment, both good and bad. For those that are bad, indicate what caused them and how those negative impacts can be mitigated. Study guide pages 137, 139, 140 & 141 are useful pages for understanding the concepts of these sections. 17 April Define these words Invasive species – Non-native species – Biodiversity – Habitat fragmentation – Biomagnification – Global warming – Greenhouse effect – Non-renewable resources – Indicator species – 20 April Define these words Pollution – (like acid rain) Carrying capacity – Emigration – Immigration – (Ecological) succession – Primary and secondary succession – Pioneer species – These two lizards are the brown and green anole. The brown anole is an invasive species? How does the concept of a niche apply to the green lizard’s niche? What happened/will happen over time to our local biodiversity? What are the red structures? What type of relationship is occurring here? Resource availability gives structure to a community. • Species can share habitats and resources. • Competition occurs when two species use resources in the same way. • Competitive exclusion keeps two species from occupying the same niche. KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior • Competitive exclusion has different outcomes. – One species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct. – The niche will be divided. – The two species will further diverge. KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition – Interspecific competition • Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another. • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Mutualism: both organisms benefit • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Ø Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Commensalism Ø Organism is not affected + + Organism benefits Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed ++ Parasitism _ Hornworm caterpillar The host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumed by wasp larvae. _ Organism is harmed + Braconid wasp Braconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reaching the pupae stage of development. Organism benefits • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endoparasites (such as hookworms) 21 April Quiz yourself Fiberous root system Xylem Ground tissue Dicot Seed coat Pistil Stamen Ovary Trophic level Carbon cycle Nitrogen fixation Competitive exclusion Emigration Carrying capacity Mutualism 1. What happens to the landscape (a forest) after a volcanic eruption sends the ash plume over the forest? 2. Which plants come back first? 3. Why? 4. If the catastrophic event happens again, will the same plants come back in the same way? 5. As succession progresses, will the ecosystem system end up with higher or lower biodiversity? Work in groups of two or three to answer these questions. Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. • The size of a population is always changing. • Four factors affect the size of a population. – – – – immigration births emigration deaths Population growth is based on available resources. How did immigration effect the resource in green? Population growth is based on available resources. • Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. • Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. • Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. • A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. Ecological factors limit population growth. • A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease • Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 22 April Test Review 22 April Test Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaW0tr0Keic What are the purposes of the petals, carpel, and stamen? Explain how the following plant organs and tissues are directly related to these four physiological processes: (Physiology – the scientific study of function in living systems) Photosynthesis Leaves Stomata Guard cells Stems Phloem - Cellular - Transpiration Respiration Leaves Leaves Stomata Stomata Guard cells Guard cells Stems Roots Xylem - Reproduction Flowers Fruits Cones/Seeds Stamen: Anther Filament Pistil Stigma Style Ovary Difference between monocots and dicots Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types. Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type. • store starch, oils and water • found throughout plant • can divide throughout life • help heal wounds to the plant • have thin flexible walls Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant. – they are strong and flexible. – celery strings are strands of collenchyma. – they have unevenly thick cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type. – second cell wall hardened by lignin – die when they reach maturity – used by humans to make linen and rope Plant organs are made of three tissue systems. 1) Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. • protects the plant • made of live parenchyma cells in non-woody plants • some covered by waxy cuticle • dead parenchyma forms outer bark of trees 2) Ground tissue is found inside a plant. • provides support • stores materials in roots and stems • packed with chloroplasts in leaves • most commonly made of parenchyma 3) Meristematic/Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds. • makes up xylem and phloem • xylem transports water and minerals • phloem transports photosynthetic products stem leaf root Internal leaf morphology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY Plant anatomy – bozeman video Food web • A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary consumers 5 5 secondary consumers 5000 primary consumers 500,000 producers producers 5,000,000 • A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers. • Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary consumers 75 g/m2 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers producers 675g/m2 2000g/m2 10% Rule – The approximate energy of one trophic level that is transferred to the next (it is actually less than 10%) energy lost energy transferred Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem. • Succession regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance. – a sequence of biotic changes – damaged communities are regenerated – new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas • There are two types of succession. – primary succession — started by pioneer species • There are two types of succession. – secondary succession — started by remaining species Study Guide work Page: 219 141 142 143 144 145 146 148 152 168 169 171 Number(s) All All All All All All All All All All All All