INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - Orange Coast College
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Transcript INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - Orange Coast College
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Design
Not for Homeostasis; Instead to
Perpetuate the Species
Sexual Reproduction Results in Genetic
Variability
Internal Fertilization & Gestation
One Offspring per Pregnancy is Typical
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Functions
Production & Support of Gametes
Males - Formation, Transport &
Delivery of Sperm
Females
- Formation & Transport of Ova
- Protect & Support Developing Embryo,
and Nourish Fetus
- Deliver the Fetus
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Overview of Anatomy
Reproductive Organs
Associated Ducts
Accessory Glands
External Genitalia
MALE ANATOMY: TESTES
From the Greek for “witness” (e.g.,
testify)
Essential organs of reproduction in the
male (Male Gonad)
Site of sperm production
Suspended in scrotum by spermatic
cord
MALE ANATOMY:
SCROTUM
Pouch of skin and fascia evaginated
from anterior abdominal wall
Subdivided into two lateral
compartments
Houses testes, keeps them cool (93F)
Cremaster muscle brings testes closer to
body
Dartos muscle causes wrinkling
MALE ANATOMY: TESTES
Develop initially in abdominal cavity
(retroperitoneally)
Descend into scrotum
- Starts 7th month of gestation
- Pass through inguinal canal
- Should be in scrotum by birth
Continued ...
MALE ANATOMY: TESTES
CONTINUED
Seminiferous tubules: Sites of sperm
production
Interstitial Cells: Secrete Testosterone
Efferent ductules: Carry sperm from
testes to:
Epididymis:
- Store sperm
- Site of sperm maturation (2 weeks)
Continued ...
MALE ANATOMY:
SPERMATIC CORD
Contains structures passing to and from
testes
Coverings derived from abdominal wall
Contents include:
- Vas deferens
- Spermatic artery and vein
- Spermatic nerve
- Lymph vessel
- Cremaster muscle
MALE ANATOMY: VAS
(DUCTUS) DEFERENS
Carries sperm from epididymis to
seminal vesicle
Passes through inguinal canal into body
cavity
Crosses surface of urinary bladder
Joins with duct of seminal vesicle to
form the ejaculatory duct
Vasectomy
MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS:
SEMINAL VESICLES
Paired structures posterior to urinary
bladder
Secrete ~60% of seminal fluid
Fluid is sugary, alkaline
Rich in carbohydrates, Vitamin C
- Nourishes sperm
- Enhances motility
MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS :
PROSTATE GLAND
Located inferior to urinary bladder,
anterior to rectum
Surrounds prostatic urethra
Secretes ~25% of seminal fluid
Enzymes to liquify semen
MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS :
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Also called Cowper’s glands
Lateral to membranous urethra
Secrete a drop of alkaline mucus
- Cleans, lubricates urethra
- Neutralizes acidic urine
- Does not contribute towards semen
MALE ANATOMY: PENIS
Male copulatory organ
Functions to introduce sperm into
female
Consists of three erectile bodies
- Two corpora cavernosa
- One corpus spongiosum
MALE ANATOMY: PENIS
Corpus spongiosum
- Surrounds penile (spongy) urethra
- Forms 1/3 of shaft
- Distal end forms glans penis; Urethral
orifice opens through glans
- Proximal end forms bulb of penis
Continued ...
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MALE ANATOMY: PENIS
CONTINUED
Corpora cavernosa
- Paired, lie laterally
- Form 2/3 of shaft
Prepuce (foreskin):
- Covers glans penis
- Optionally removed by circumcision
MALE PHYSIOLOGY:
SPERMATOGENESIS
- Occurs in seminiferous tubules
- Spermatogonia divide mitotically
- One Spermatocyte eventually gives
rise to Four Sperm via meiosis
- Fertilization by Y sperm result in
male embryo
- Fertilization by X sperm results in
female embryo
MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Erection
- Arteries dilate, increasing blood in
spongy tissue
- Constricts veins, causes erection
Ejaculation (expulsion)
- Semen passes through urethra
- Contractions of urethra, penile
musculature, ducts
MALE HORMONAL CONTROLS
Gonadotropic Hormones
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(stimulates sperm production)
- Luteinizing Hormone or ICSH
(stimulates testes to secrete
testosterone)
Testosterone (Male Sex Hormone)
- Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
FEMALE ANATOMY:
OVARY
Female Gonad
Follicles – sites of ova production
Ova development pauses at birth,
resumes following puberty
- Approximately 400,000+ follicles
- Only about 400 ever reach maturity
Paired, oval, almond sized
Supported by ligaments
FEMALE ANATOMY:
UTERINE (Fallopian) TUBES
Site of Fertilization
Paired, ~10 cm long
Attach to uterus, one on each side
- Intramural Portion: Within uterus
- Isthmus: Narrow portion adjacent to uterus
- Ampulla: Long, wide portion
- Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped end with
branches, fimbriae, that drape over ovary
Transport via Cilia & Peristalsis
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FEMALE ANATOMY:
UTERUS
Usually unpaired, hollow, muscular,
pear-shaped organ
Receives uterine tubes, empties into
vagina
Site of Implantation & Development
Supported by ligaments:
- Broad ligament: Double layer of
peritoneum
- Round ligament: Passes through
inguinal canal
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FEMALE ANATOMY:
UTERUS continued
Uterine wall has three layers
- Perimetrium (broad ligament):
Visceral Peritoneum
- Myometrium: Thick layer of smooth
muscle
- Endometrium:
* Epithelial layer
* Undergoes cyclic changes in
response to hormones
*Endometriosis
FEMALE ANATOMY:
UTERUS
Fundus: Raised region above entry of
uterine tubes
Body: Central region w/large triangular
lumen
Isthmus: Narrowed region between body
& cervix
Cervix:
- Most inferior portion
- Extends down into vagina
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FEMALE ANATOMY:
VAGINA
Functions:
- Receives penis during intercourse
- Passage for removal of menstrual
debris
- Serves as a birth canal
Located between urethra and rectum
Lined with stratified squamous E.T.
Acidic environment (Resident Bacteria)
FEMALE ANATOMY:
VAGINA continued
Fornix: Circular recess around cervix;
upper portion of vagina
Hymen:
*Fold of mucous membrane
*Does NOT signify virginity!
Bartholin’s glands (Greater Vestibular):
- Distal End Vagina
- Homologous to Cowper’s glands
- Very little secretion (mucus)
Vulva
FEMALE ANATOMY:
VULVA (External Genitalia)
Mons pubis: Fatty mound
Labia majora: Outer folds of skin;
Homologous to scrotum
Labia minora: Inner folds, encircle
clitoris, form prepuce
Clitoris: Homologous to penis;
composed of corpora cavernosa
FEMALE ANATOMY:
CLITORIS
Partially covered by prepuce (foreskin)
Function – Sexual Pleasure
Orgasm controlled by Sympathetic
Division of ANS
FEMALE ANATOMY:
BREASTS
Structurally – Integument
Functionally – Reproductive
- Colostrum
- Breast Milk
HORMONAL CONTROL:
ADULT FEMALE
Four hormones involved:
- FSH and LH (from pituitary)
*Target - ovaries
*Follicles w/ova grow & mature
*Ovaries secrete:
- Estrogen and progesterone (from
ovaries)
*Target - uterus
*Endometrium thickens & secretes
THE OVARIAN CYCLE
Includes:
- Follicular Phase
*Follicle development/maturation &
Oogenesis
- Ovulation
- Luteal Phase
*Development of corpus luteum from
ruptured follicle
FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT
Up to 20 follicles begin maturation
process monthly
Only one secondary follicle reaches
maturity
Others undergo atresia (degradation)
Controlled primarily by FSH
FSH causes follicle cells to secrete
estrogen
OVULATION
Caused by LH surge
Day 14 (28-day cycle)
Expels ovum into abdominal cavity
Fimbriae on uterine tube sway
vigorously, producing a current
Fimbriae scratch Graafian follicle,
rupture it, sweep ovum into tube
FORMATION OF CORPUS
LUTEUM
Ruptured Graafian follicle becomes
corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes estrogen,
progesterone
Maintains endometrial lining during
pregnancy
THE UTERINE CYCLE
Menstrual phase (Day 1 of 28-day cycle)
Proliferative phase
- Follows Menstruation
- Estrogen from follicle stimulates
proliferation of endometrium
Secretory phase
- Follows Ovulation
- Progesterone from corpus luteum
stimulates secretion by endometrium
Ovarian Hormones Control the Endometrial
Changes of the Uterine Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular phase
(Estrogens)
Luteal phase
(Progesterone)
Uterine Cycle
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase