Introduction to Paristology
Download
Report
Transcript Introduction to Paristology
Details of…
Endoparasites
Laboratory Procedures
Remember Endoparasites?
Major Classes of Endoparasites
Helminths
______________________
______________________
______________________
Unicellular Organisms
______________________
______________________
Nematodes
In general are _____________in cross section, longer
than they are wide and are _______________________.
Can be in a variety of lengths. (_____________ smaller
than ____________________)
Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats
Have varied life cycles
Roundworms
Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara
cati, Toxascaris leonina
All three of these are common among
dogs and cats.
Live in the ____________________
Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~
7” in length)
Roundworms – cont’d
Methods of transmission:
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Roundworms – cont’d
The eggs of Toxocara spp. can survive on the soil
for several years.
(Fresh feces are NOT _________________)
Eggs are ingested and hatch in ____________,
penetrate bowel wall, enter _________bloodstream,
wander through the __________and end up in the
_____________.
They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in
_______________and mature in
___________________________.
Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.
Toxocara canis ova
Adult Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Toxascaris leonina
Toxocara sp. - Clinical Signs
Heavy infections can produce
________________________________, and
______________of the intestinal tract.
Pulmonary edema, ___________________,
nasal discharge, and _______________
respiratory rates may also be seen.
Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat
and restlessness are also often seen.
Toxocara Transmission to
Humans
Toxocara larvae can cause:
__________________
larval migrans
__________________ larval migrans
__________________ larval migrans
Ocular Larval Migrans
Hookworms
Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum,
Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma
braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala
Of
these, the most commonly seen are:
______________________________
Ancylostoma spp.
Seen in over ________% of adult dogs
Live in the ________________________
Methods of transmission:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Ancylostoma spp.
Growth and maturation process after
ingestion is between ____________days.
Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day
In environment, there are 3 stages: ______,
_______________and ___________.
(Takes 5 days)
__________ stage is _____________stage.
Ancylostoma - Migration
Once in new host, some will burrow back
into ____________to complete maturity
Others may burrow from __________to
_______and mature there.
Ascend
up ________, cause
___________and are swallowed.
Worm goes back to ____________ to mature.
Ancylostoma ova
Adult Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma Clinical Signs
Major CS are associated with ______ loss
and ______ irritation.
Weakness, _________, diarrhea, _______
or _________stools, anorexia, depression,
and death may also occur.
Larvae may wander into other organs
causing secondary signs of ___________
and ______________.
Ancylostoma Transmission to
Humans
Infective larvae can penetrate the skin
causing
________________________________
Whipworms
Medical name:
Trichuris
vulpis
Trichuris serrata
Trichuris campanula
Of these, most common is ___________________
T. vulpis
Common in _______ and ___________ dogs
(not often seen in very young b/c of
____________ period of 70-90 days)
Rare in __________
Live in _______________(From ____________
through ______________.)
Method of transmission:
Primarily _______________ (direct)
T. vulpis
Eggs are passed in the ____________
Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in
________________________.
Larvae migrate _______________, where
they mature.
T. vulpis – Clinical Signs
Depend on the ______________ of
parasites present, but can include:
Intermittent
diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation,
anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and
“_________________________”.
Trichuris vulpis ova
Trichuris vulpis
Eggs are double _______________.
(Have
2 opercules, have an opercule on each end)
Makes it easier for _______ to hatch from egg
Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil
for up to _______ years.
Adult Whipworm
Heartworms
Medical name: _________________
Vector is _______________
Common in dogs, cats, ________and
some __________
Filarid = _________________________
Pseudoheartworm exists that is not
pathogenic
(________________________________)
Dirofilaria vAcanthocheilonema
Remember that microfilaria are one of the
______________forms of the true and
imposter heartworm
Acanthocheilonema are usually
_____________
There are 3 main physical differences
between the two microfilaria:
_________________
_________________
_________________
Dirofilaria vAcanthocheilonema
Microfilaria of Dirofilaria:
____________
tail
_____________head
__________________________ movement
(no forward mvmt.)
Microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema:
______________________
______________
tail
head
_________________ forward movement
Dirofilaria immitis
Acanthocheilonema reconditum
Dirofilaria immitis
Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in
the ________return of the heart; primarily
the ______atria & ventricle. Inhibits the
flow of blood to and from the heart.
Vector is __________________.
Adults can live _______ - _______ years.
Prepatent period = ____ months
D. Immitis – Clinical Signs
Usually _____________________as disease
progresses.
_______________weight
Loss
loss
of _____________.
Coughing
Accumulation of _____________ fluid
________________ breathing
__________________temperature
_________________MM
D. Immitis - Diagnosis
“SNAP” test
Detects
the hormone from the adult
________________worm
Blood smear
Looks
for ______________ in the blood
Once diagnosed, disease state is
____________ (___________) from 1-4
Classes of Heartworm Disease
Class 1 (Mild)
Occasional
cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of
condition
Class 2 (Moderate)
Occasional
cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate
loss of condition
Class 3 (Severe)
General
loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity;
occasional or persistent cough
Class 4 (Very Severe) _____________ Syndrome
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLzFsNOJ4&feature=player_embedded
“___________” of Caval Syndrome
2010 Heartworm disease cases
per reporting clinic
Cestodes
_____________________ (flea tapeworm)
_______________spp. (tapeworm not
requiring ____________ as intermediate
host.)
Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm)
Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats
Animal becomes infected by ingesting the
_________________________, the flea.
Can infect ________________
Indicates presence of _____________
May see ________________ on perianal area or
can see _____________________ on fecal
flotation.
The asexual process of forming segments is termed
________________________.
Dipylidium caninum scolex
Taenia (Tapeworm)
Found as taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatigena, and
taenia ovis.
Acquired by eating cysticerci (______________) in
rabbits. (__________________of the host)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Platynosomum fastosum (lizard poisoning
fluke of cats)
Nanopyetus salmincola (salmon poisoning
fluke of dogs)
Alaria (intestinal flukes of dogs and cats)
Fasciola Hepatica (common liver fluke)
Platynosomum fastosum (Lizard
poisoning fluke of cats)
Adult flukes of cats inhabit the _________,
________________, ________ducts, and
_________________.
Nanophyetus salmincola (Salmon
poisoning fluke)
Vector for Neorickettsia helmintheca,
____________ poisoning disease in dogs.
Called “Elokomin fluke fever”
Causes _________________________
with generalized lymphadenopathy,
vomiting, ____________, lethargy,
inappetence, fever, and ___________.
Found in Pacific Northwest region of North
America
Alaria (intestinal flukes)
Found throughout the northern half of
North America
Mostly ____________________.
__________ migration may cause some
damage
Minor zoonotic potential from _________
stages from intermediate hosts.
Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)
Requires an ________________ as an intermediate host.
Has been identified World-wide and is responsible for substantial
losses of cattle and sheep.
_____________ stage that migrates to the _________ after
ingestion is the infective stage.
Feeds on liver tissue for _________ before migrating to the bile
duct where it begins to produce eggs. (Can reproduce
___________)
Mild infection = about ________ eggs produced per day per fluke
with one animal depositing about ______________ eggs daily in a
pasture.
Is capable of causing disease in humans who
_______________________________ growing near snails habitat.
Clinical signs in animals include ________________, and
__________________. (_____________is only occasionally
seen)
Fasciola hepatica Ova
Coccidians and Protozoans
Are __________________ celled
organisims.
Are generally very __________________.
Typically live in the
___________________ of both dogs and
cats.
Rarely a problem in the ______________
animal.
Coccidians
(Are a type of _________________)
________________ spp.
________________
________________
________________
Coccidians – cont’d
Produce a condition called “coccidiosis” in
the young animal.
Most common Clinical Sign is diarrhea
which can lead to _____________,
possibly due to _________________ and
other loss of nourishment.
Diagnosed by seeing ___________ in
fecal floatation of fresh feces.
Eimeria oocyst vs- Cestode ova
Isospora spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
Is _______________
Definitive host is any member of
______________ family
Can cross placental barrier in
_____________ and cause spontaneous
_______________.
__________________: “Super egg” that can
remain dormant for a considerable amount of time
in the environment until ingested by a host.
__________________: “fast dividers” Are the
oocysts that are rapidly dividing and causing
infection in the host.
__________________: “slow dividers” Are the
oocysts that are semi-dormant in a host that is not
the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this
host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause
chronic infection.
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo)
May cause
transient
diarrhea in
cats
Highly
pathogenic
to humans,
especially
fetus in
utero
Protozoans (Are not necessarily coccidians)
Anaplasma (and other blood parasites)
________________
Are
a ________________ protozoan NOT a
coccidian
Cause _____________
Occur as __________ or __________________
in fecal floatation
Transmitted primarily by
___________________________, or
_______________________________
Giardia ______________