Transcript Introduction to Paristology

Details of…
Endoparasites
Laboratory Procedures
Remember Endoparasites?
Major Classes of Endoparasites

Helminths
 ______________________
 ______________________
 ______________________

Unicellular Organisms
 ______________________
 ______________________
Nematodes

In general are _____________in cross section, longer
than they are wide and are _______________________.

Can be in a variety of lengths. (_____________ smaller
than ____________________)
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Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats

Have varied life cycles
Roundworms
Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara
cati, Toxascaris leonina
 All three of these are common among
dogs and cats.
 Live in the ____________________
 Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~
7” in length)
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Roundworms – cont’d
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Methods of transmission:
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
Roundworms – cont’d
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The eggs of Toxocara spp. can survive on the soil
for several years.
(Fresh feces are NOT _________________)
Eggs are ingested and hatch in ____________,
penetrate bowel wall, enter _________bloodstream,
wander through the __________and end up in the
_____________.
They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in
_______________and mature in
___________________________.
Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.
Toxocara canis ova
Adult Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Toxascaris leonina
Toxocara sp. - Clinical Signs
Heavy infections can produce
________________________________, and
______________of the intestinal tract.
 Pulmonary edema, ___________________,
nasal discharge, and _______________
respiratory rates may also be seen.
 Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat
and restlessness are also often seen.

Toxocara Transmission to
Humans

Toxocara larvae can cause:
 __________________
larval migrans
 __________________ larval migrans
 __________________ larval migrans
Ocular Larval Migrans
Hookworms

Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum,
Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma
braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala
 Of
these, the most commonly seen are:
______________________________
Ancylostoma spp.
Seen in over ________% of adult dogs
 Live in the ________________________
 Methods of transmission:

 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
Ancylostoma spp.
Growth and maturation process after
ingestion is between ____________days.
 Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day
 In environment, there are 3 stages: ______,
_______________and ___________.
(Takes 5 days)
 __________ stage is _____________stage.
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Ancylostoma - Migration
Once in new host, some will burrow back
into ____________to complete maturity
 Others may burrow from __________to
_______and mature there.

 Ascend
up ________, cause
___________and are swallowed.
 Worm goes back to ____________ to mature.
Ancylostoma ova
Adult Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma Clinical Signs
Major CS are associated with ______ loss
and ______ irritation.
 Weakness, _________, diarrhea, _______
or _________stools, anorexia, depression,
and death may also occur.
 Larvae may wander into other organs
causing secondary signs of ___________
and ______________.

Ancylostoma Transmission to
Humans

Infective larvae can penetrate the skin
causing
________________________________
Whipworms

Medical name:
 Trichuris
vulpis
 Trichuris serrata
 Trichuris campanula

Of these, most common is ___________________
T. vulpis
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Common in _______ and ___________ dogs
(not often seen in very young b/c of
____________ period of 70-90 days)
Rare in __________
Live in _______________(From ____________
through ______________.)
Method of transmission:
 Primarily _______________ (direct)
T. vulpis
Eggs are passed in the ____________
 Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in
________________________.
 Larvae migrate _______________, where
they mature.
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T. vulpis – Clinical Signs

Depend on the ______________ of
parasites present, but can include:
 Intermittent
diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation,
anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and
“_________________________”.
Trichuris vulpis ova
Trichuris vulpis

Eggs are double _______________.
 (Have
2 opercules, have an opercule on each end)
 Makes it easier for _______ to hatch from egg
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Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil
for up to _______ years.
Adult Whipworm
Heartworms
Medical name: _________________
 Vector is _______________
 Common in dogs, cats, ________and
some __________
 Filarid = _________________________
 Pseudoheartworm exists that is not
pathogenic
(________________________________)
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Dirofilaria vAcanthocheilonema
Remember that microfilaria are one of the
______________forms of the true and
imposter heartworm
 Acanthocheilonema are usually
_____________
 There are 3 main physical differences
between the two microfilaria:

 _________________
 _________________
 _________________
Dirofilaria vAcanthocheilonema
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Microfilaria of Dirofilaria:
 ____________
tail
 _____________head
 __________________________ movement
(no forward mvmt.)
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Microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema:
 ______________________
 ______________
tail
head
 _________________ forward movement
Dirofilaria immitis
Acanthocheilonema reconditum
Dirofilaria immitis
Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in
the ________return of the heart; primarily
the ______atria & ventricle. Inhibits the
flow of blood to and from the heart.
 Vector is __________________.
 Adults can live _______ - _______ years.
 Prepatent period = ____ months
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D. Immitis – Clinical Signs
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Usually _____________________as disease
progresses.
 _______________weight
 Loss
loss
of _____________.
 Coughing
 Accumulation of _____________ fluid
 ________________ breathing
 __________________temperature
 _________________MM
D. Immitis - Diagnosis
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“SNAP” test
 Detects
the hormone from the adult
________________worm
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Blood smear
 Looks
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for ______________ in the blood
Once diagnosed, disease state is
____________ (___________) from 1-4
Classes of Heartworm Disease
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Class 1 (Mild)
 Occasional
cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of
condition
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Class 2 (Moderate)
 Occasional
cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate
loss of condition
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Class 3 (Severe)
 General
loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity;
occasional or persistent cough
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Class 4 (Very Severe) _____________ Syndrome
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLzFsNOJ4&feature=player_embedded
“___________” of Caval Syndrome
2010 Heartworm disease cases
per reporting clinic
Cestodes
_____________________ (flea tapeworm)
 _______________spp. (tapeworm not
requiring ____________ as intermediate
host.)
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Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm)
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Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats
Animal becomes infected by ingesting the
_________________________, the flea.
Can infect ________________
Indicates presence of _____________
May see ________________ on perianal area or
can see _____________________ on fecal
flotation.
The asexual process of forming segments is termed
________________________.
Dipylidium caninum scolex
Taenia (Tapeworm)
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Found as taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatigena, and
taenia ovis.
Acquired by eating cysticerci (______________) in
rabbits. (__________________of the host)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Platynosomum fastosum (lizard poisoning
fluke of cats)
 Nanopyetus salmincola (salmon poisoning
fluke of dogs)
 Alaria (intestinal flukes of dogs and cats)
 Fasciola Hepatica (common liver fluke)
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Platynosomum fastosum (Lizard
poisoning fluke of cats)
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Adult flukes of cats inhabit the _________,
________________, ________ducts, and
_________________.
Nanophyetus salmincola (Salmon
poisoning fluke)
Vector for Neorickettsia helmintheca,
____________ poisoning disease in dogs.
 Called “Elokomin fluke fever”
 Causes _________________________
with generalized lymphadenopathy,
vomiting, ____________, lethargy,
inappetence, fever, and ___________.
 Found in Pacific Northwest region of North
America
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Alaria (intestinal flukes)
Found throughout the northern half of
North America
 Mostly ____________________.
 __________ migration may cause some
damage
 Minor zoonotic potential from _________
stages from intermediate hosts.
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Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)
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Requires an ________________ as an intermediate host.
Has been identified World-wide and is responsible for substantial
losses of cattle and sheep.
_____________ stage that migrates to the _________ after
ingestion is the infective stage.
Feeds on liver tissue for _________ before migrating to the bile
duct where it begins to produce eggs. (Can reproduce
___________)
Mild infection = about ________ eggs produced per day per fluke
with one animal depositing about ______________ eggs daily in a
pasture.
Is capable of causing disease in humans who
_______________________________ growing near snails habitat.
Clinical signs in animals include ________________, and
__________________. (_____________is only occasionally
seen)
Fasciola hepatica Ova
Coccidians and Protozoans
Are __________________ celled
organisims.
 Are generally very __________________.
 Typically live in the
___________________ of both dogs and
cats.
 Rarely a problem in the ______________
animal.
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Coccidians
(Are a type of _________________)
________________ spp.
 ________________
 ________________
 ________________
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Coccidians – cont’d
Produce a condition called “coccidiosis” in
the young animal.
 Most common Clinical Sign is diarrhea
which can lead to _____________,
possibly due to _________________ and
other loss of nourishment.
 Diagnosed by seeing ___________ in
fecal floatation of fresh feces.

Eimeria oocyst vs- Cestode ova
Isospora spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
Is _______________
 Definitive host is any member of
______________ family
 Can cross placental barrier in
_____________ and cause spontaneous
_______________.
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__________________: “Super egg” that can
remain dormant for a considerable amount of time
in the environment until ingested by a host.
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__________________: “fast dividers” Are the
oocysts that are rapidly dividing and causing
infection in the host.
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__________________: “slow dividers” Are the
oocysts that are semi-dormant in a host that is not
the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this
host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause
chronic infection.
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo)
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May cause
transient
diarrhea in
cats
Highly
pathogenic
to humans,
especially
fetus in
utero
Protozoans (Are not necessarily coccidians)
Anaplasma (and other blood parasites)
 ________________
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 Are
a ________________ protozoan NOT a
coccidian
 Cause _____________
 Occur as __________ or __________________
in fecal floatation
 Transmitted primarily by
___________________________, or
_______________________________
Giardia ______________