Transcript Man and Warfare

Evolution of Warfare
Intro
Military Terms and Concepts
Capt Bartis
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Outline
Definitions
 Threads of Continuity

– Internal
– External
Principles of War
 Levels of War
 Forms of Strategy
 Operations and Tactics
 Terms

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Objectives
 Understand
internal and external threads of
continuity
 Understand the Principles of War
 Become familiar with levels of war, forms
of strategy, categories of operations and
tactics, terms
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Common Threads of All Definitions
 1. Armed
 2.
Conflict - the duel
Force - the means
 3.
Impulse Over Will - conflict is the
common denominator
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Definitions of War
“
Conflict carried on by force of arms as
between nations or states.”
 “Any conflict between rival groups by force
of arms or other means,…recognized as a
legal conflict.” (Preston and Wise)
 “An act of force to compel the enemy to do
our will.” (Clausewitz)
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War is also
 Instrument
of Policy (derived via a political
process)
 War is the expression of both politics and
policy.
– Strategy must strive to achieve policy goals
– Policy goals are created in the realm of politics
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War is:
Organized violence
 Waged by two or more distinguishable groups
against each other
 In pursuit of some political end
 Sufficiently large in scale and in social impact to
attract the attention of political leaders
 Continued long enough for the interplay between
the opponents to have some impact on political
events

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Definitions of Strategy
(Greek = Generalship)
 “The
art and science of developing and
using political, economic, psychological,
and military forces as necessary during
peace and war, to afford the maximum
support to policies, in order to increase the
probabilities and favorable consequences of
victory and to lessen the chances of defeat.
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Definitions of Strategy
“The science and art of employing the political,
economic, psychological and military forces of
adopted policies in peace or war.” (Webster)
 “The science and art of military command
exercised to meet the enemy in conflict under
advantageous condition.” (Webster - 2nd def)
 “The art of distributing and applying military
means to fulfill the aims of policy.” (Hart)
 A specific way of using specified means to
achieve distinct ends.

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Political Objectives
National Strategy
Supporting Strategies
*Diplomatic *Economic *Military *Informational
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Definitions of Operations
Operation - A military action or the carrying out
of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or
administrative military mission; the process of
carrying on combat, including movement, supply,
attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to gain the
objectives of any battle or campaign.
 A broad category of related tactical activities; for
example, offense, defense, and retrograde

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Definitions of Operations

Operational art - The employment of military
forces to attain strategic and/or operational
objectives through the design, organization,
integration, and conduct of campaigns, major
operations, and battles. Operational art translates
the joint force commander's strategy into
operational design, and, ultimately, tactical action,
by integrating the key activities at all levels of war
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Definitions of Tactics
(Greek = to arrange, place, in battle formation)
The employment of units in combat.
 The ordered arrangement and maneuver of units
in relation to each other and/or to the enemy in
order to use their full potentialities.
 Tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP)

– Tactics - the art and science of employing available
means to win battles and engagements
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Definitions of Tactics
(Greek = to arrange, place, in battle formation)
“The science and art of disposing and
maneuvering forces in combat.” (Webster)
 “When the application of the military instrument
merges into actual fighting, the dispositions for
and the control of such direct actions are termed
tactics.” (Hart)
 The art of disposing military forces in the presence
of, or with reference to, the enemy. It takes care
of the method, conducts the marches, and fights
the battles.

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Planes or Levels
Grand Strategy – the articulation of national
interests, objectives, policies and commitments to
the use of national power.
 Military Strategy – the military instrument of
national power towards the accomplishment of the
political objectives of the overall national strategy.
 Operations/Campaigns
 Tactics
 How do military means relate to political ends?

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Threads of Continuity
 Ability
to distinguish factors/changes in
different ages, societies, and armies that are
distinct
 This common reference then provides us
with THREADS OF CONTINUITY
 Two groups:
– Internal
– External
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Internal Threads of Continuity
 Military
professionalism:
– Profession: occupation that requires specialized
knowledge of a given field
– Conduct, aims, and qualities of members who
want to perfect this public service that is the
conduct of war
 Tactics:
– Strictly military
– Specific techniques groups use to win battles
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Internal Threads (cont.)
 Operations:
– Also strictly military
– Planning and conduct of campaigns designed
to defeat enemy in specific area and time with
simultaneous & sequential battles.
– Links (military)strategy and (grand)tactics
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Internal Threads (cont.)
 Strategy:
Long range plans and policies to
use resources to achieve specific objectives
– Applicable to military and government
– National strategy vs Military strategy
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Internal Threads (cont.)
 Logistics
and Administration:
– Logistics: the providing, movement, and
maintenance of all service and resources
necessary to sustain military forces
– Administration: mgmt of all services and
resources necessary to sustain military forces
– Provides the materials and people (resources)
with which to conduct war
» Design, development, acquisition, storage, mvemnt,
distribution, maint., construction, medical care....
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Internal Threads (cont.)
 Military
theory/doctrine:
– Theory: the body of ideas concerned with
warfare-especially the orgn and trng
– Doctrine: the fundamental principles by which
military organizations guide their actions
– From Theory comes Doctrine +++++
 Generalship:
the qualities and attributes
required to control large forces—ties the
internal threads together
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External Threads of Continuity
 Political:
ideas/actions of govts or organized
groups that affect the activities of whole
societies
 Social: popular attitudes, religious beliefs,
morals, psychological makeup, education...
 Economic: activities involving production,
distribution and consumption of resources
 Technology: use of knowledge and technique
to gain the advantage
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Types of Conflict
 Military
- bldg an empire
 Political - balance of power
 Economic - Anglo-Dutch wars
 Religious/moral - Crusades
 Ideological - Terrorism
 Psychological – Cuban Missile Crisis
 Note:
most wars fit 2 or more types
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Principles of War
Mass
Movement
Objective
Unity of Command
Offensive
Security
Surprise
Simplicity
Economy of Force
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Levels of War
 Strategic
- level at which nation or group of
nations determines national or alliance scty
objectives and then accomplishes the obj
 Operational - major campaigns/ops
planned, conducted and sustained w/i Aos
 Tactical - battles are planned and executed
to accomplish military objectives assigned
to tactical units and task forces
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Levels of War

Strategic level of war - The level of war at which a
nation, often as a member of a group of nations,
determines national or multinational (alliance or coalition)
security objectives and guidance, and develops and uses
national resources to accomplish these objectives.
Activities at this level establish national and multinational
military objectives; sequence initiatives; define limits and
assess risks for the use of military and other instruments of
national power; develop global plans or theater war plans
to achieve these objectives; and provide military forces and
other capabilities in accordance with strategic plans.
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Levels of War - Operational

Operational level of war - The level of war at which
campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted,
and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within
theaters or areas of operations. Activities at this level link
tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives
needed to accomplish the strategic objectives, sequencing
events to achieve the operational objectives, initiating
actions, and applying resources to bring about and sustain
these events. These activities imply a broader dimension of
time or space than do tactics; they ensure the logistic and
administrative support of tactical forces, and provide the
means by which tactical successes are exploited to achieve
strategic objectives.
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Levels of War
 Tactical
level of war - The level of war at
which battles and engagements are planned
and executed to accomplish military
objectives assigned to tactical units or task
forces. Activities at this level focus on the
ordered arrangement and maneuver of
combat elements in relation to each other
and to the enemy to achieve combat
objectives.
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Ends in National Strategy
 Victory
- achievement of the political aims
of the war. War must end and peace
restored.
 Survival – the continued existence of the
political entity that is at war.
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Ends in Military Strategy
– Physically overpower the
enemy’s military capacity, leaving him
unable to resist our demands. Unlimited
military objective.
 Erosion – seek to raise the enemy’s cost so
high that he will find ending the war on our
terms more attractive than continuing the
fight. Military objective is limited
 Annihilation
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Categories of Operations
 Offensive
 Defensive
 Joint
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Operational Designs
Center of Gravity
 Which factors are critical? Which can the enemy
not do without? Which if eliminated, will bend
him most quickly to our will.
 Those characteristics, capabilities, or localities
from which a military force derives its freedom of
action, physical strength, or will to fight.
 The hub of all power and movement, on which
everything depends.
 Important sources of strength. Defend
yours/attack his.

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Operational Designs
 Critical
Vulnerability – a vulnerability, that
if exploited, will do the most damage to the
enemy’s ability to resist us.
 Find out where he is strong, where is his attention
focused and seek out his flanks and rear, where he
does not expect us and where we can also cause
the greatest psychological damage.
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Operational Designs
 Center
of Gravity and Critical Vulnerability
are complementary concepts.
– COG looks at how to attack the enemy system from the
perspective of seeking a source of strength
– CV from the perspective of seeking weakness
– CV is the pathway to attacking a COG
– Both have the same purpose: to target our actions in
such a way as to have the greatest effect on the enemy.-
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Operational Designs
 Culminating
Point -The point in time and
space when the attacker can no longer
accomplish his purpose, or when the
defender no longer has the ability to
accomplish his purpose. This can be due to
factors such as combat power remaining,
logistic support, weather, morale, and
fatigue
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Operational Designs

Commander's intent.
Guidance which enables
subordinate leaders to act in a changing environment in
the absence of additional orders. At a minimum, it must
describe the result (end state of the battlefield) as related
to the enemy and terrain. It is formulated by considering
and/or stating the following five elements:
– The purpose of the operation
– The enemy's actions and intentions
– The enemy's critical vulnerability and the commander's
plan to exploit it
– A vision of how the operation will unfold
– The end state of the battlefield (MUST BE STATED)
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Maneuver Warfare
 "Maneuver
warfare is a warfighting
philosophy that seeks to shatter the enemy's
cohesion through a series of rapid, violent,
and unexpected actions which create a
turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation
with which he cannot cope"
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Maneuver verse Attrition

Maneuver warfare.

Attrition warfare.
Choosing when and where to fight,
pitting our strengths against enemy weaknesses. The goal is to render
the enemy incapable of resisting by shattering his moral and physical
cohesion--his ability to fight as a whole. The focus is on defeating the
enemy not necessarily destroying him
An approach to warfare that seeks victory
through the cumulative destruction of the enemy by means of massive
firepower, technology and prolonged combat. This method assumes
that we can deliver more punishment than the enemy can withstand
while he attempts to do the same to us. The focus here is on the
physical destruction of the enemy and is usually associated with brutal
battles that inflict substantial, but often avoidable casualties on both
sides.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Focus on the enemy.
Methodical, attrition-style
warfare focuses internally on what you bring to the battle;
in maneuver the look is outward on the enemy! We call
this shaping the battlefield.
– Full understanding of commander's intent is critical.
– Think ahead, visualize the battle through the enemy's
eyes.
– Attempt to shape the general conditions in our favor.
– Do not become inflexible--leave yourself at least two
ways to win.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations
 Act
–
quicker than the enemy can react.
OODA LOOP-BOYD Cycle.
Orient-Decide-Action.
Observe-
» Korea - Russian MIG, greater speed, acceleration,
armament vs US F-86 Sabrejet's bubble
canopy/hydraulic controls, better maneuverability.
– Applies to all warfare, particularly maneuver
warfare.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Tempo
–
–
–
–
–
Maintaining a pace of operations with which the
enemy cannot cope.
Causing sensory overload on enemy command and
control.
OODA Loop--The enemy faces numerous dilemmas at
the same time.
Can be sustained by prudent use of all available ground,
sea, and air assets.
Supporting arms, electronic
warfare, counter-battery radars, JOINT-STARS, etc.
Desert Storm, a classic example of putting an enemy in
a dilemma through TEMPO
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Support maneuver by fire.
Through the use of
Combined Arms. The full integration of arms in such a way that in
order to counteract the effects of one weapon system the enemy must
make himself more vulnerable to the effects of another.
– Put the enemy in a dilemma--a "no-win" situation.
– Accomplished through tactics and techniques.
– Take advantage of the complimentary characteristics of
weapons systems and units.
– Epitomizes the use of combined arms.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Issue Mission-type Orders.
– Mission Tactics. "Mission tactics are just as the name
implies: The tactics of assigning a subordinate mission
without specifying how the mission must be
accomplished. We leave the manner of accomplishing
the mission to the subordinate, thereby allowing him
the freedom--and establishing the duty--to take
whatever steps he deems necessary based on the
situation.
The senior prescribes the method of
execution only to the degree that is essential for
coordination."
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Mission Orders
– Mission orders can be a full five-paragraph order or a frag order,
–
–
–
–
issued verbally or in writing.
The key characteristic of a mission order is its mission statement
which specifies the task and its purpose but not how to actually
accomplish it.
The senior commander should know how the subordinate intends
to accomplish the task. (Brief-back/confirmation brief if time
permits)
There remains a need for control, coordination, lateral
communications.
Mission orders must always address at a minimum:
» The commander's intent statement.
» The mission statement.
» Designation of main effort status to one of the subordinate
units..
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Commander's Intent.
Commander's intent is guidance
provided to subordinates which enables them to act in a changing
environment in the absence of additional orders. At a minimum, it
must describe the result (end state of the battlefield) the commander
wants related to his force, the enemy and terrain.
– The commander's intent statement is included in every operations
order. (para .1.b and para 3.a.1) It is prepared and presented by the
commander to their subordinates.
– During the execution of an operation, a unit's mission may change
but the commander's intent will remain the same.
– Subordinates must know the commander's intent two levels up.
– The commander's intent has priority over all other considerations;
it focuses initiative in the absence of guidance.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Avoid enemy strength and attack enemy weakness.
These are defined as Surfaces and Gaps.
– Enemy strengths and weaknesses.
– Pit our strengths against the enemy's weaknesses.
– Physical aspects.
– Intangible aspects.
– Flexibility is essential.

Exploit tactical opportunities developed or
located by subordinate units.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

Always designate a Main Effort.
– The commander's bid for victory, the knockout punch
within his tactical plan.
– Every operation, whether offensive or defensive in
nature, requires the designation of main effort status to
one of the subordinate units.
– All other units must support the main effort directly or
indirectly.
– The main effort was formerly known as the POME,
FOME, FOE, SCHWERPUNKT, etc.
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Maneuver Warfare Considerations
 Avoid



set rules and patterns.
Act boldly and decisively.
Provide for security of the force.
COMMAND FROM THE FRONT
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Battlefield Dynamics

Friction. The myriad of factors that make, "the
simple seem so difficult."
– May be mental--as in indecision over a tactic or a
course of action.
– May be physical--as in effective enemy fire or a terrain
obstacle that must be overcome.
– May be external--imposed by the enemy action,
environment or luck.
– May be internal--self-induced by over-reliance on a
particular arm, technology, or complicated plans.
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Battlefield Dynamics

Uncertainty.

Disorder.

Human Reaction.
The factors all of which seek to undermine our
well-thought plans generate an atmosphere known as the "fog of war."
Coupled with friction, chaos reigns.
A corollary of friction, fog and uncertainty. Caused by
the constant push-pull of combat that results in conflicting, incomplete
and/or inaccurate information.
Because of the overriding moral dimension
of war, ammo counts, force ratios, orders of battle, or any
mathematical computation will not assure victory. The human factor
will be decisive. Preparing for the human reaction and the hardship of
war is among the most significant challenges of the commander.
 Violence and Danger. The result of fear, hatred, and loss of
friends will have a debilitating effect on your Marines. You must
constantly be aware that controlling violence, rather than initiating it,
will be the most daunting challenge.
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Terms
 Read
‘em……….
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