Transcript RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• Problems Associated with PPE Use
– Heat stress
– Dermatoses
– Restricted vision and dexterity
– Restricted communication/hearing
– Claustrophobia
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• Review MSDS, safety supply catalogs to
determine compatibility of gloves, boots and
suits with chemicals to be encountered.
• NIOSH website (CDC.gov) Recommendations
for chemical protective clothing (CPC)
• Prepare ahead!
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory protection should be used:
1
When Engineering Controls
Are Not Feasible or Sufficient
2
During Emergencies
3
When Exposures
Are Unknown
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• Why Respiratory
Protection?
– Minimize the Inhalation
of Airborne Substances
•
•
•
•
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Dusts
Mists
Vapors/gases
Fumes
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• If someone is wearing a respirator then Personal
Air Monitoring should be conducted
– Gives idea of airborne concentrations in ‘personal
breathing zone’
– Helps select the right type of respirator
• Conduct end of service life cartridge calculations
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• Respiratory Protection
– Respiratory Hazards
• Oxygen deficiency
There is a lot
to consider!
• Toxic contaminants
• Unknown atmosphere
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• Respiratory Hazards
– Oxygen deficiency
• Atmospheric content
by volume
– Normal
20.9 % oxygen
– Minimum allowable
19.5 % oxygen
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• Respiratory Hazards
– Toxic Contaminants
•
•
•
•
•
Dust
Fumes
Mists
Gases
Vapors
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• Respiratory Hazards
– Unknown Atmosphere
• Typical spill situation
• Could be IDLH (Immediately
Dangerous to Life and
Health)
• Need highest level of
protection
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Two types of respirators
AtmosphereSupplying
Respirators
Air-Purifying
Respirators
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
A four-step process should be used to guide the
selection of respiratory protection.
1
2
Evaluate the
Hazard
Dete
rmin
e
Phy
sical
Stat
e of
Sub
stan
ce
3
12
Deter
mine
Pote
ntial
Expo
sure
4
Ide
ntif
y
App
ropr
iate
Res
pira
tors
3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Contaminant
The nature of the
contaminant (e.g.,
concentration, effects,
exposure limits)
Workplace
Workplace conditions
(e.g., temperature,
humidity
Respirator
Selection
Activity
User
The nature of the activity
to be conducted (e.g.,
duration)
Factors related to the
wearer that may affect
respirator performance
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Employees required to wear respirators must
receive training on the following:
•
•
Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit,
usage, and maintenance can make the respirator
ineffective
The limitations and capabilities of selected respirators
•
How to use the respirator in emergency situations,
including when the respirator malfunctions
•
How to inspect, put on and remove, and check the
seals of the respirator
•
Respirator maintenance and storage procedures
•
How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that
may limit or prevent effective use of the respirator
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
THERMAL STRESS
Cold Stress
Heat Stress
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT STRESS
• Combination of workload and environmental
heat
• Increases with temperature and humidity
• Aggravated by chemical protective clothing
(CPC)
• CPC limits the dissipation of body heat and
moisture
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT DISORDERS
• HEAT RASH
• HEAT CRAMP
• DEHYDRATION
• HEAT EXHAUSTION
• HEAT STROKE
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)
• Signs of Heat Rash
– Tiny red and patchy
blisters
– Skin rash over arms,
shoulders, chest and
behind knees
– Tingling or pricking
feeling on skin
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)
• With a Heat Rash
– Stay away from hot
environments and
sunshine
– Keep skin dry
– Avoid scratching
– See physician
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)
• To Avoid Heat Rash:
– Take a shower after
working in the heat
– Dry skin thoroughly
– Change underwear
– Stay in a cool place
after work
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT CRAMPS
• HEAT CRAMPS
– Painful spasms of the arms, legs and
stomach muscles
– Caused by electrolyte imbalance by
prolonged sweating without adequate
fluid and salt intake
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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HEAT CRAMPS
• First Aid:
– Drink 1 or 2 glasses of
slightly salted fluids
– Gently massage cramping
muscle
– Rest in cool place
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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DEHYDRATION
• Excessive fluid loss caused by sweating,
illness, alcohol consumption, etc.
• No early symptoms
• Signs
– Fatigue/weakness
– Dry mouth
– Loss of work capacity
• First Aid
– Fluid and salt replacement
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Exhaustion:
– High pulse rate
– Profuse sweating
– Oral temperature normal or slightly elevated (add 1°F to
estimate body temperature from oral temperature)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pale, moist face
Dizziness
Nausea
Headache
Fatigue
Weakness
Unsteady Gait
Victim may collapse if warning signs are disregarded
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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HEAT EXHAUSTION
• Causes:
– Dehydration
– Low level of heat
acclimation to the
environment
– Low level of fitness
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• First Aid:
– Lie down flat on back in cool
environment
– Drink slightly salted fluids
– Open clothing
– In case of collapse, call ambulance
– Victim must lie flat except when
drinking
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT STOKE
• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Stroke:
– Confusion
– Hot dry skin (red, mottled or cyanotic)
– Irrational behavior
– Loss of consciousness
– Convulsions
– Extremely high body temperature (104°F and
rising)
– Condition is fatal if treatment is delayed
– Partial or complete failure of sweating
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT STROKE
• Early Signs:
– Body temperature is elevated (add 1°F
to estimate body temperature from oral
temperature)
– Erratic behavior
– Hot, dry, flushed
– Weakness
– Unsteady gait
– Irritability
– Call for medical help – this is an
emergency!
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT STROKE
• Fully-Developed Symptoms:
– Flushed
– Dry skin
– Convulsions
– Loss of consciousness
– Body temperature 105°F or above
(add 1°F to estimate body
temperature from oral
temperature)
– Start cooling immediately and
call an ambulance
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT STROKE
• First Aid:
– Call the ambulance
– Bring body temperature down as fast
as possible
– If using cold bath, rub skin constantly
to maintain skin circulation
– Increase air movement
– Place an ice bag on head
– Keep towel and sheet wet
– Stop cooling when body temperature is
down to 101°F
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT ILLNESS
PREVENTION
• Prevent excess loss of body
water
– Drink small amounts every 15
minutes
• Up to 1.5% body weight loss at
the end or workday is okay
• More than 1.5% body weight
loss increases risk of heat
illness.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Replace salt loss due to
sweating
– When salt is needed, add it to
food or water
• Unacclimated workers do
not sweat enough. Their
sweat contains large
amounts of salt.
• Check with physician before
increasing salt intake.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Acclimated workers have
good sweating ability and
their sweat contains only
small amounts of salt –
less extra salt is needed.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Acclimation to Heat:
– Increased heat tolerance while
decreasing risk of heat illness
– Gradually introduce new workers to
heat exposure
– An acclimated worker can sweat
more, has less increase of pulse
rate and temperature
• Control Conditions
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
Cold Stress
• Cold-Related Disorders
– Hypothermia
– Frostbite
– Frostnip
– Trench Foot
– Chilblain
– Raynaud’s Disorder
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
Hypothermia
• Signs and Symptoms:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chills
Pain in extremities
Fatigue
Euphoria
Slow, weak pulse
Slurred speech
Collapse
Shivering
Unconsciousness
Body temperature < 95°F
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
Hypothermia
• Causes
– Excessive exposure
to the cold
– Exhaustion or
dehydration
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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PROGRESSION OF
HYPOTHERMIA
Core (Body)
Temperature (°F)
Clinical Signs
98.6
“Normal” oral temperature
96.8
Metabolic rate increases in an attempt to compensate
for heat loss
95.0
Maximum shivering
93.2
Victim conscious and responsive with normal blood
pressure
91.4
Severe hypothermia below this temperature
84.2 – 86.0
Progressive loss of consciousness; muscular rigidity
increases; pulse and blood pressure difficult to obtain;
respiratory rate decreases
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
Hypothermia
• First Aid
– Move to warm area and remove wet clothing
– Modest external warming (heat pack, blanket)
– Drink warm, sweet fluids
– Call for medical assistance
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
FROSTBITE
• Sign and Symptoms
– Burning sensation at first
– Coldness, numbness and tingling follows
– Skin color white or grayish yellow to
reddish violet to black
– Blisters
– Response to touch depends on the depth
of freezing
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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FROSTBITE
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FROSTBITE
• Causes
– Exposure to cold
– Vascular disease
• First Aid
–
–
–
–
Move to warm area and remove wet clothing
External warming (e.g. warm water)
Drink warm, sweet fluids
Call for medical assistance
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
FROSTNIP
• Signs and Symptoms
– Skin turns white
– Possible itching pain
• Causes
– Exposure to cold above freezing
• First Aid
– Similar to Frostbite
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
TRENCH FOOT
• Signs and Symptoms
– Severe pain
– Tingling, itching
– Edema (swelling)
– Blisters
– Response to touch depends on
depth of freezing
• Causes
– Exposure to cold above freezing
and dampness
• First Aid
– Similar to Frostbite
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CHILBLAIN
• Signs and Symptoms:
– Recurrent localized itching of
the skin
– Painful inflammation
– Swelling
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CHILBLAIN
• Causes
– Inadequate Clothing
– Exposure to cold and dampness
– Vascular disease
• First Aid
– Remove to warm area
– Get medical assistance
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RAYNAUD’S DISORDER
• Signs and Symptoms
– Fingers blanch with cold exposure
– Fingers tingle
– Intermittent blanching and
reddening
• Causes
– Exposure to cold and vibration
(jackhammer)
• First Aid
– Remove to warm area
– Get medical assistance
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
RAYNAUD’S DISORDER
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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COLD STRESS
PREVENTION
• Exposed Skin:
– Not permitted when air
speed and temperature
equate to a chill
temperature of –25.6°F.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
COLD STRESS PREVENTION
• Exposed Skin:
– Superficial or deep local
tissue freezing will occur
at 30.2°F, regardless of
wind speed
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
COLD STRESS PREVENTION
• Exposed Skin:
– If workers are immersed in
water or wet, immediately
provide a change of
clothing and treat for
hypothermia.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
COLD STRESS PREVENTION
• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED:
– If working with bare hands for dexterity for
more than 10-20 minutes in a temperature
below 60.8°F.
– Provide warm air jets, radiant heaters or
warming plates.
– Metal handles on tools, control bars should
be insulated.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
COLD STRESS PREVENTION
• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED:
– If dexterity is not required, gloves should
be used:
• For sedentary work below 60.8°F
• For light work below 39.2°F
• For moderate work below 19.4°F
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
COLD STRESS PREVENTION
• PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
REQUIRED:
– In environments at or
below 39.2°F
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• The OSHA Standard
was written to ensure
the health and safety of
those entering a
confined space
• Applicability
– All activities where
persons may enter a
confined space
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DANGER
DANGER
PERMIT-REQUIRED
CONFINED SPACE
DO NOT ENTER
Authorized Entrants
Only!
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
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CONFINED SPACES
• A Confined Space . . .
– Is large enough and so
configured that an employee
can bodily enter.
– Has limited or restricted means
for entry or exit.
– Is not designed for continuous
employee occupancy.
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• A Permit-Required Confined Space ….
– Is a confined space that has one or more of the
following characteristics:
• Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an
entrant
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• A Permit-Required Confined Space ….
– Is a confined space that has one or more of the
following characteristics (cont’d)
• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could
be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls
or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a
smaller cross-section
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health
hazard
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Entry:
– The action by which a person
passes through an opening into a
permit-required confined space.
– Entry includes ensuring work
activities in the space and is
considered to occur as soon as
any part of the body (including
your head) breaks the plane of the
opening into the space.
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• All Confined Spaces
– Trenches & Excavations
– Crawl Spaces
– Sewer & Manholes
– Storm Drains
– Pipelines
– Pits
– Vaults
– Silo & Storage Tanks
• All Potentially Permit-Required
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Confined Space Hazards
– Atmospheric
– Physical Configuration
– Mechanical
– Electrical
– Thermal
– Noise
– Vibration
– Engulfment or Entrapment
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Hazardous Atmospheres
– Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres
– Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
– Flammable Atmospheres
– Toxic Atmospheres
– Corrosive Atmospheres
– Asphyxiating Atmospheres
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Oxygen-Deficient
– Less than 19.5% 02
– Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be the
result of either consumption, displacement or
absorption.
• Oxygen-Rich
– Greater than 21% 02
– Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn
violently when ignited, such as:
– Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
Flammable Atmosphere Required Factors:
– Oxygen
– Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust
– Ignition Source
•
•
•
•
Welding
Electric Tools
Sparks
Smoking
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
Flammable Atmospheres Caused by…
– Enriched oxygen atmospheres
–
–
–
–
Vaporization of flammable liquids
By-products of work
Chemical reactions
Concentrations of combustible dusts
– Fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Toxic Atmospheres
– Most substances should be considered hazardous in a
confined space.
– Toxic substances can come from the following:
• The product stored in the space
• Work performed in the space
• Areas adjacent to the space
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Five Basic Questions:
– What did the space previously contain?
– What reactions could have occurred?
– What operations will be performed?
– What materials will be brought into the
space?
– What materials may have inadvertently
entered the space?
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
• Space large enough to enter, and
• Limited or restricted entry or exit, and
• Not designed for continuous worker
occupancy
Yes
No
Not a confined space
Confined space
Yes
Hazardous atmosphere
No
Permit
required
confined
space
Yes
Not a
permit
required
confined
space
Engulfment hazard
No
Yes
Yes
Configuration hazard
No
Any other recognized
serious hazard
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No
3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
• Testing the air inside a confined space
• Required for two purposes:
– Evaluation of the hazards of the permit space
– Verification that the acceptable entry conditions
for entry into the space exist
• Must be conducted by a qualified, trained
person
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
Methane
(lighter than air)
Carbon Dioxide
(same as air)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
Test all layers of the atmosphere for suspected
chemical hazards.
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
CONFINED SPACES
You should have a written confined space entry
program that addresses the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Roles and responsibilities
Identification and evaluation of confined spaces
Acceptable entry conditions
Preparation, issuance, and cancellation of entry permits
Atmospheric testing
Safe entry procedures
Measures to prevent unauthorized entry
Measures to eliminate or control hazards
Use of protective equipment
Emergency rescue procedures
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
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ERGONOMICS
• Ergonomics strives to
improve the match
between the worker and
the workplace.
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Goals of Ergonomic Programs:
–
–
–
–
Reduce injuries
Improve efficiency (work smarter not harder)
Increase comfort and minimize fatigue
Compliance with existing laws and regulations
• OSHA General Duty Clause
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
– Wear and tear on joints and surrounding tissue,
often associated with long hours of repetitive
movement
• Cumulative Trauma Disorders
• Repetitive Motion Syndromes
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Acute vs. Cumulative
• Affected body parts:
– wrist, arm, hand
– upper back, shoulder
– low back
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Symptoms of MSDs
– Fatigue, pain, tingling, burning
sensation, discomfort can lead to
permanent injury
• Importance of early reporting
• Learn to identify risk factors
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Risk Factors
• Posture
•
•
•
•
•
•
Repetition/Frequency
Force
Duration
Contact pressure
Temperature
Vibration
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Repetition - number of times an activity is
performed without a break
• Repetitive activities often place stress on a
specific joint or muscle group
– stress not distributed evenly across body
– may restrict tissue repair
• Repetitive tasks may be of particular concern if
combined with a significant jump or increase in
workload
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Static postures - muscle
contraction without movement
– increases muscular fatigue
– impairs blood flow
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Force - amount of muscular activity
required to perform a task
–
–
–
–
heavy lifting
pushing/pulling carts
hand tools
operating equipment
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Factors that increase lifting hazards
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Weight
Size
Repetition
Twisting
Bending
Reaching
Method
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Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Contact Pressure - prolonged impact of
hard objects against body parts
– resting against work surface edges
– metal tools digging into palms
– poorly fitting furniture
• Restricts blood flow
• Damages soft tissue
• Presses on nerves
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Neutral postures - tissue under
least amount of stress and joints
are in strongest position
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3140 Finley Road
Downers Grove, IL 60515
630.795.3200
ERGONOMICS
• Non-neutral postures
increase fatigue and
susceptibility to injury
• Posture is affected by:
– tools and furniture
– environment/work area setup
– work habits
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ERGONOMICS
• Vibration
– Excessive vibration causes
pain to muscles, joints and
internal organs
– Soft tissue trauma to the
hands, arms, feet and legs.
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ERGONOMICS
• Heat effects blood circulation & causes
cramps, burns/rashes and general
discomfort.
• Cold effects the body's blood circulation,
causes hypothermia, loss of flexibility,
distraction and poor dexterity.
• Comfortable temperature range
• 68 to 74 degrees
• Humidity 20 to 60%
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Standing Work
• Options for improvement
– Standing mats to reduce fatigue
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Work Surface Heights
• Ideal work surface height will depend on type
of work
• Detail work - typically higher than elbow
height to reduce neck strain
– visually intensive tasks
– electronic assembly
• Physical exertion - typically lower than elbow
height to allow for application of body
weight/force
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Lifting and Transporting
• Back injuries are some of the most common
and costly work-related injuries
• Tools and equipment solutions
– carts
– conveyors
– vacuum lifts
– hand trucks
– scissor lifts
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Hand Tools
• Bend the tool, not the wrist
• Keep wrist in handshake
posture
• Use the correct tool for the
task
• Spread out the workload
– triggers vs. finger bar
– double-handled tools
• Reduce tool weight
• Improve tool padding
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ERGONOMICS
• Listen to your body
• Report symptoms
early
• Communication share ideas among
departments
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RADIATION
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RADIATION
• Many refineries are licensed
by the Illinois Department of
Nuclear Safety (IDNS) to use
radioactive materials in sealed
devices for process and
analytical measurements.
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RADIATION
• Radiation is energy given
off by unstable atoms.
• Everything - your hand, a
desk, a piece of paper - is
made up of atoms.
• Particles such as
electrons, protons, and
neutrons are the building
block of atoms.
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Health Hazards
• Ionizing radiation can alter the atoms in
DNA molecules, thereby causing cell
death, mutations and cancer
• Some non-ionizing radiation can heat the
material it passes though causing burns
and cell death.
– Microwave oven
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3140 Finley Road
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RADIATION
• Limit radiation exposure to “As Low As is
Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA).
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3140 Finley Road
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RADIATION
• Best methods of reducing radiation exposures.
– Reduce the amount of Time exposed to the source
material
– Increase the Distance between you and the source
material
– Put appropriate Shielding between you and the
source material
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Radiation Safety
• Do not operate or disturb a source
• If working around a source for an
extended period inform the site
Radiation Safety Officer and add to JSA
• Fire, Explosion, Accident, involving a
radioactive device
– Immediately notify the RSO or designate.
– Follow site Emergency Evacuation Plans.
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Discussion Questions
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What airborne hazard is present and how
could it be reduced?
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What is the potential hazard associated with
this entry?
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What hazardous atmosphere(s) could
develop in this space with decomposing
organic mater?
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