Transcript 72x36 Poster Template - UCF College of Education and Human

Jonathan D. Bohner, Maren S. Fragala, Nadia S. Emerson, Kyle S. Beyer, Gabriel J. Pruna, Carleigh H. Boone, Leonardo P. Oliveira, Jay R. Hoffman, FACSM, Jeffrey R. Stout, FACSM
Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
• For older adults, balance can challenge
mobility and their ability to perform basic
activities of daily living.
• The ability to respond to visual stimuli and
coordinate a response could play a major role
in preventing a fall or balance related accident.
• It is unknown what relationship may exist
between upper body reaction time, lower body
reaction time, perceptual cognitive function,
and single leg balance.
•
To observe and evaluate balance and it’s relationship with visuomotor
reaction time, coordination, and perceptual cognitive function in older
adults.
To discover which test is the greatest predictor of balance performance
in older adults.
Table 3. Correlations of reaction tests and perceptual cognitive
function with Balance
QuickBoard
• Participants performed a single, twenty second test
responding to visual stimuli with their feet to assess
lower body reaction time (LB Reaction). No
restrictions were placed on which foot was used or
what form was adopted. After receiving the
countdown, subjects would coordinate their
response as quickly as possible by observing the
light stimulus in front of them and hitting the
corresponding dot with their foot as quickly and
correctly as possible. This was scored by correct
hits accumulated in the allotted time.
Measure
R-Value
P-Value
LB Reaction Time
0.48*
0.015
UB Reaction Time
0.43*
0.034
PCF
0.18
0.395
* Significant at p < 0.05
Figure 1. Correlations between Reaction Time and Balance
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METHODS
NeuroTracker
Participants for this study included men (13) and women (12) who were
local to the Central Florida area. Characteristics for this group are further
detailed in Table 1.
Table 1. Participant Characteristics
Men (n=13)
Women (n=12)
Age
70.42 ± 4.93
70.85 ± 7.23
Height (meters)
1.63 ± 0.06
1.75 ± 0.08
Weight (Kilograms)
69.12 ± 11.06
90.38 ± 20.06
BMI
26.58 ± 4.69
29.46 ± 5.66
Balance
• Participants balanced on their dominant foot
for as long as they could without any
assistance from the ground or other objects
with their non-dominant leg flexed at 90°.
Subjects wore flat shoes. The test was
measured in seconds of successful balance.
DynaVision D2
• Participants performed 2 separate tests on the
Dynavision to assess upper body reaction
time (UB Reaction). The first test was
performed with their dominant hand,
measuring their visual and motor reaction time
to a light stimulus on one of five buttons
displayed in a linear fashion. The second test
was performed with both hands, responding to
light stimuli constantly for sixty seconds on a
coronal plane, responding to one of 64 lights.
Test was scored by accumulating as many
hits as possible in the allotted time.
r = 0.43
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• Participants performed one perceptual cognitive
function (PCF) test, during which one attempts to
track four out of eight identical objects in a 3
dimensional environment for eight seconds. This
Core level is comprised of twenty trials, varying in
difficulty based on individual performance. A score is
given as a threshold at the end of the test, depicting
a baseline performance given by that individual
based on difficulty and consistency at completed
levels.
60
50
Hits
Background: Impaired balance can predispose older adults to the higher
risk of falls which can lead to catastrophic consequences. The ability to
quickly process and integrate visuomotor stimuli and coordinate a
response reaction may intercept balance perturbations and prevent a fall.
However, it is not known how balance relates to reaction, coordination, or
cognition in older adults.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between balance and visuomotor
reaction time, coordination, and perceptual cognitive function in older
adults.
METHODS: Twenty-five older adults (13 men, 12 women; 70.0 ± 6.1 y)
performed a series of tests. Balance performance was recorded from a
timed single-leg balance test. Perceptual cognitive function (PCF) was
assessed using a multiple object tracking device within a threedimensional environment. Visual and motor reaction times of the upper
and lower body were evaluated on interactive displays where individuals
responded to light stimuli with hand or foot strikes. Pearson correlation
coefficients and step-wise linear regressions were computed to assess the
relationship between variables with significance set at p ˂ 0.05.
RESULTS: Balance time ranged from 0.38 s to 600.00 s (67.1 ± 123.6 s).
Lower body (LB) reaction scores ranged from 9 to 20 hits in 20-seconds
(15.4 ± 3.1 hits). Upper body (UB) reaction scores ranged from 35 to 72
hits in 60-seconds(54.2 ± 9.9 hits). PCF threshold ranged from 0.14 to
1.36 (0.58 ± 0.34). Balance time significantly correlated to LB (r=0.48,
p=0.015) and UB reaction time (r=0.43, p = 0.034). UB and LB reaction
time were significantly correlated (r=0.657, p=0.000). PCF test scores
were not correlated to balance or reaction time. Step-wise regression
indicated that LB reaction time was the single greatest predictor of balance
(R=.481, SEE=110.692, p=.015)
CONCLUSION: Balance ability is related to visual motor coordination and
reaction time in older adults, with the strongest predictor of balance being
the LB reaction and coordination test. Therefore, interventions to improve
balance may benefit from visual motor coordination and reaction time
training exercises. Further evaluation is necessary to determine how
situational awareness in a 3-D environment may impact balance and
function in older adults.
•
RESULTS Cont.
METHODS Cont.
PURPOSE
UB Reaction Time
LB Reaction Time
Linear (UB Reaction Time)
Linear (LB Reaction Time)
40
30
Statistical Analysis
• Pearson correlation coefficients and step-wise linear regressions were
computed to assess the relationship between variables with
significance set at p ˂ 0.05.
RESULTS
Table 2. Balance, Reaction Time, and PCF Results
Measure
Mean ± St. Dev.
Minimum
Maximum
Balance (s)
67.1 ± 123.6
0.38
600.00
15.4 ± 3.1
9
20
54.2 ± 9.9
35
75
0.58 ± 0.3
0.14
1.36
PCF
r = 0.48
10
• Balance time was significantly correlated with both upper and lower body
reaction time (Table 3, Figure 1.)
• The perceptual cognitive function (PCF) test did not significantly correlate
with balance or reaction time.
• The step-wise regression indicated that lower body reaction time was the
single greatest predictor of balance performance (R=0.481;
SEE=110.692; p=0.015).
LB Reaction Time
(hits)
UB Reaction Time
(hits)
20
0
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
Balance Time (s)
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
• The results of this study demonstrate that there is a correlation between
upper and lower body reaction time and balance. These correlations have
a number of implications for older adults. The ability to react to a variety of
changes such as varied walking surfaces and climbing and descending
stairs, is crucial to avoid falling, which has been reported as the primary
disabler in older adults (National Safety Council. (2011). Injury Facts®,
2011 Edition.).
• Of interest, was the lack of correlation between PCF and reaction time
measures. However, it can be explained in the nature of the tests. The
PCF test requires tracking multiple objects over eight seconds, and does
not require a reflexive response of the motor system.
• Future research should investigate the effects of a balance training
program on these measures.