Transcript A New Tool for Historians of Science: Citations and Co

A New Tool for Historians of Science:
Citations and Co-Citations in Scientific
Correspondences
Yves Gingras
Canada Research Chair
History and Sociology of Science
Correspondance de Mersenne
• Périod
= 1617-1648
• Correspondents
= 88
• Letters
= 1880
• Citations
= 3481
• Co-citations
= 5827
Distribution géographique des correspondants de Mersenne
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance de Mersenne
45
Descartes
40
35
Galilée
30
25
Gassendi
20
15
Roberval
10
5
0
1648
1646
1644
1642
1640
1638
1636
1634
1632
1630
1628
1626
1624
1622
1620
1618
1616
Aristote
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance de Mersenne
(moyenne mobile sur 3 ans)
35
Descartes
30
25
Galilée
20
Gassendi
15
10
Roberval
5
Aristote
0
1648
1646
1644
1642
1640
1638
1636
1634
1632
1630
1628
1626
1624
1622
1620
1618
1616
Principaux auteurs cités dans Mersenne par période de 4 ans
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Descartes
10
Galilée
0
1617-1620
Gassendi
1621-1624
1625-1628
Roberval
1629-1632
1633-1636
1637-1640
Aristote
1641-1644
1645-1648
1617-1620
0
1621-1624
0
1625-1628
2
1629-1632
10
1633-1636
2
1637-1640
78
1641-1644
74
1645-1648
87
Galilée
0
0
3
3
62
47
32
65
Gassendi
0
0
4
24
50
12
40
66
Roberval
0
0
0
1
5
39
27
100
Aristote
4
2
8
13
11
18
17
16
Descartes
Ucinet Matrix of co-citations in Mersenne
Co-citation network in Mersenne(1617-1648)
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1617-1631)
(20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1632-1636)
(20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1637-1641)
(20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1642-1648)
(20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Changing centrality of actors in Mersenne’s correspondence
1620-1629
rang
nom
1630-1639
N. co-cit
rang
nom
1640-1649
N. co-cit rang
nom
N. co-cit
1
Aristote
34
1
Galilée
303
1
Descartes
563
2
Horace
27
2
Gassendi(Pierre)
224
2
Roberval (Gilles Personnne de)
426
3
Gueneau
20
3
Roberval (Gilles Personnne de)
201
3
Galilée
358
4
Virgile
19
4
Beaugrand (Jean de)
168
4
Gassendi(Pierre)
354
4
Euclide
19
5
Fermat
150
5
Huygens (Constantin)
230
5
Amama
18
6
Morin(Jean-Baptiste)
147
6
Torricelli (Evangelista)
220
6
Descartes
17
7
Hardy (Claude)
142
7
Hobbes (Thomas)
205
6
Mydorge(Claude)
17
8
Descartes
138
8
Saumaise (Claude)
198
6
Gassendi(Pierre)
17
9
Petit (Pierre)
134
9
Fermat
190
7
Beeckman (Isaac)
16
10
Desargues (Girard)
126
10
Archimède
180
8
Apollonius de Perge
15
8
Golius (Jacques)
15
9
Platon
14
10
Levasseur
12
10
Augustin
12
Oldenburg Correspondence
• Périod
= 1641-1677
•
= 145
correspondents
• letters
= 3296
•
citations
= 6842
• co-citations
= 15783
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance d'Oldenburg
(moyenne mobile sur 3 ans)
60
Boyle, Robert
50
40
Wallis, John
30
Hooke, Robert
20
10
Huygens, Christia
0
1678
1676
1674
1672
1670
1668
1666
1664
1662
1660
1658
1656
Principaux auteurs cités dans Oldenburg par période de 3 ans
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Boyle, Robert
0
Wallis, John
1657-1659
1660-1662
Hooke, Robert
1663-1665
1666-1668
Huygens, Christiaan
1669-1671
1672-1674
1675-1677
1657-1659
11
1660-1662
17
1663-1665
33
1666-1668
59
1669-1671
117
1672-1674
156
1675-1677
83
Wallis, John
0
3
46
60
90
85
37
Hooke, Robert
0
0
38
64
46
73
72
Huygens, Christiaan
5
0
47
34
66
85
29
Boyle, Robert
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1656-1677)
(n>24 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)
(n> 39 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1654-1667)
(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Sprat, Thomas
Louis XIV, King of France
Wilkins, John
Wallis, John
Charles II, King of England
Auzout, Adrien
Brouncker, William
Munster, Christophe Bernhard Galen
Moray, Robert
De Son
Kircher, Athanasius
Hooke, Robert
Hevelius, Johannes
Huygens, Christiaan
Boyle, Robert
Descartes, René
Wren, Christopher
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1668-1670)
(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Auzout, Adrien
Malpighi, Marcello
Cassini, Giovanni
Lower, Richard
Justel, Henri
Mercator, Nicholas
Huygens, Christiaan
Barrow, Isaac
Boyle, Robert
Wren, Christopher
Sprat, Thomas
Wallis, John
Gregory, James
Collins, John
Hooke, Robert
Brouncker, William
Dulaurens, François
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Willis, Thomas
Wilkins, John
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1671-1673)
(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Brouncker, William
Morland, Samuel
Pardies, Ignace-Gaston
Newton, Isaac
Descartes, René
Huygens, Christiaan
Hooke, Robert
Wallis, John
Sluse, René François de
Boyle, Robert
Collins, John
Willis, Thomas
Lister, Martin
Cassini, Giovanni
Ray, John
Hevelius, Johannes
Picard, Jean
Grew, Nehemiah
Flamsteeed, John
Malpighi, Marcello
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1674-1677)
(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Malpighi, Marcello
Willis, Thomas
Brouncker, William
Boulliaud, Ismael
Grew, Nehemiah
Boyle, Robert
Cassini, Giovanni
Hooke, Robert
Flamsteeed, John
Wallis, John
Picard, Jean
Jessop, Francis
Huygens, Christiaan
Gregory, James
Collins, John
Descartes, René
Justel, Henri
Newton, Isaac
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½
Changing Centrality in Oldenburg
1650-1659
rang
nom
1660-1669
N. co-cit
rang
nom
1670-1679
N. co-cit
rang
nom
N. co-cit
1
Jones, Richard
38
1
Wallis, John
663
1
Boyle, Robert
1180
2
Descartes, René
34
2
Hooke, Robert
558
2
Wallis, John
864
3
Boyle, Robert
24
3
Boyle, Robert
528
3
Huygens, Christiaan
709
3
Huygens, Christiaan
24
4
Huygens, Christiaan
524
4
Hooke, Robert
669
4
Roberval, Gilles Personne de
23
5
Auzout, Adrien
483
5
Collins, John
526
5
Poleman, Joachim
20
6
Brouncker, William
443
6
Newton, Isaac
514
5
Louis XIV, King of France
20
7
Hevelius, Johannes
405
7
Cassini, Giovanni
513
5
Charles II, King of England
20
8
Wren, Christopher
337
8
Hevelius, Johannes
420
5
Willis, Thomas
20
9
Cassini, Giovanni
281
9
Barrow, Isaac
410
6
Pascal, Blaise
19
10
Sprat, Thomas
240
10
Descartes, René
406
7
Boulliaud, Ismael
18
7
Cromwell, Olivier
18
8
Beale, John
17
8
Borel, Pierre
17
9
Galilei, Galileo
16
10
Petit, Pierre
15
Correspondance de Darwin
• Périod
= 1821-1867
• correspondents
= 3804
• Letters
= 5918
• Citations
= 18697
• Co-citations
= 71198
Darwin’s correspondents (1821-31)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837-48)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837-47)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Annual number of letters and cited persons
in Darwin’s correspondence
Average number of of persons cited per letter in Darwin’s correspondence
Most cited authors in Darwin’s correspondence
60
50
40
Lyell, C
Hooker, JD
30
Gray, A
Owen, R
20
10
0
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
5 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
(excluding familly)
250
200
150
100
Lyell, Charles
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
50
Darwin, Emma
Gray, Asa
0
1830-1839
Owen, Richard
1840-1849
1850-1858
1859-1867
1830-1839
11
1840-1849
28
1850-1858
32
1859-1867
162
Gray, Asa
0
0
44
197
Darwin, Emma
10
75
82
136
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
1
30
100
233
Lyell, Charles
39
75
80
243
Owen, Richard
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
(excluding familly)
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
Scientists in red
Family in blue
Co-citations network in Darwin (n>7)
1821-1867
Martineau, Harriet
Biddulph, Fanny and Robert Myddelton
Parker, Robert
Wedgwood, Frances Emma Elizabeth
Hope, Frederick William
Corfield,Wedgwood,
Richard Henry
Henry Allen
Owen, Harriet Elizabeth
Owen,Mostyn
Caroline Mostyn
Parker, Henry
Owen, Arthur
Mostyn Henry Allen and Jessie
Wedgwood,
Butler, Samuel
Langton, Charlotte and Charles
Owen, Francis
Mostyn
Owen, Fanny Mostyn
Parker,
Marianne
Myddelton
Biddulph, Robert Myddelton Biddulph, Charlotte
Wedgwood,
Robert
Gully, James Manby
Wedgwood,
FrancisClare
Wedgwood, Hensleigh and Fanny
Leighton,
Owen,
Emma
Mostyn
Edward
FAMILLE
Wedgwood, Jessie
Langton,
Wedgwood,
Josiah,
II Charles
Owen, William
Mostyn, Sr
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried
Berthelot, Sabin
Atherley, George
Fox, Harriet
Biddulph, Fanny Myddelton
Wedgwood, S. E.
Wedgwood, Emma
Beaufort, Francis
Eyton, Thomas Campbell
Darwin, Anne Elizabeth
Williams, Edward Hosier
Williams, Sarah Harriet
Nancy
Darwin, Robert Waring
Darwin, Susan Elizabeth
Fox, William Darwin
Langton, Charlotte
Herbert, John Maurice
Wickham, John Clements
King, Phillip Parker
Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth (a) ou (b) Jenyns, Leonard
Darwin, George Howard
Wedgwood, Josiah, III
Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von
Wedgwood, Hensleigh
FitzRoy, Robert
Wedgwood, Caroline
Holland,Sarah
Henry
Sedgwick, Adam
Westwood, John Obadiah
Darwin, William Erasmus
Webb, Philip Barker Lane, Edward Wickstead
Darwin, Francis Darwin
Parslow, Joseph
Horner, Leonard Hooker, Maria
Lindley, John
Lyell, Charles
Darwin, Erasmus Alvey
Forbes, Edward
Hooker, William Jackson
Hooker, William Henslow
Wallace, Alfred Russel
Hooker, Charles Paget
Hooker, Reginald Hawthorn
OBrien, Mary Henrietta
Covington, Syms
Darwin, Henrietta EmmaHenslow, John Stevens
Darwin, Emma
Darwin, Horace
Darwin, Leonard
Sulivan,
Peacock,
GeorgeBartholomew James
Henslow, Harriet
Brown, Robert
Herschel, John Frederick William
Whewell, William
SCIENTIFIQUES
Campbell, George Douglas
Fox, Samuel
Waterhouse, George
Robert Robert
Chambers,
Hooker, Frances
Harriet
Oliver,
DanielBentham, George
Murray, John
Jukes, Joseph Beete
Owen, Richard
Watson, Hewett Cottrell
Prestwich, JosephMurchison, Roderick Impey
Wilberforce, Samuel
Agassiz, JeanLubbock,
Louis Rodolphe
Falconer, Hugh
John William
Bell, Thomas
Huxley,
Thomas
Henry
Lyell,
Mary
Elizabeth
Gray, Asa
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Ramsay, Andrew Crombie
Busk, George
Harvey, William Henry
Hopkins, William
Carpenter, William BenjaminTyndall, John
Bates, Henry Walter
Wollaston, Thomas
Vernon
Gray, John
Edward
Candolle, Alphonse de
Scott, John
Heer, Oswald
Boott, Francis
Naudin, Charles
Victor
Thomson,
Thomas
Haast, John Francis Julius von
Baer, Karl Ernst von
Hooker, Brian Harvey Hodgson
Tylor, Edward
Pictet de la Rive, François
Jules Burnett
Smith, John
Buckland, William
Murray, Andrew
Dana, James Dwight
Phillips, John
Fox, Ann
Busk, Ellen
Wyman, Jeffries
Bronn, Heinrich Georg
McNab, James
Huxley, Henrietta Anne
Lubbock, Ellen Frances
Horner, Anne Susan
Sabine, Edward
Cuvier, Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric
Balfour,
John
Hutton
Gärtner, Karl Friedrich von
Spencer, Herbert
Gray, Jane Loring
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de
Kölreuter, Joseph Gottlieb
Anderson, Thomas
Réseau de co-citations dans Darwin (35 co-cit et plus)
Hooker, Frances Harriet
Darwin, Henrietta Emma
Darwin, Emma
Huxley, Thomas Henry
Falconer, Hugh
Owen, Richard
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Darwin, Susan Elizabeth
Lyell, Charles
Lyell, Mary Elizabeth
Darwin, Robert Waring
Gray, Asa
Henslow, John Stevens
FitzRoy, Robert
Co-citation network (1821-31)
(n>3)
Co-citation network (1832-36)
(n>3)
Co-citation network (1837-47)
(n>3)
Co-citation network (1848-58)
(n>3)
Co-citation network (1859-67)
(n>3)
Central ity
1
2
3
4
5
1821-29
Darwin, Robert Waring
Darwin, Susan Elizabeth
Owen, Fanny Mostyn
Owen, Wi lliam Mostyn, Sr
Parker, Mari anne
1830-39
Darwin, Robert Waring
Darwin, Susan Elizabeth
FitzRoy, Robert
Owen, Wi lliam Mostyn, Sr
Henslow , John Stev ens
1840-49
Darwin, Emma
Lyell, Charles
Darwin, Robert Waring
Forbes, Edw ard
Henslow, John Stevens
1850-58
Lyell , Charles
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Darwin, Emma
Ow en, Richard
Hooker, Frances Harriet
1859-67
Huxley, Thomas Henry
Lyell , Charles
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Gray, Asa
Owen, Richard