Transcript Chinese Nationalism - Churchville Central School District

The Mongols
Mongols
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The Choice is made!
Whoa! Ho! Ho! Whoa-oa!
The Traveller has come!
Nobody choose anything!
Did YOU choose anything?
No.
Did YOU?
My mind is totally blank.
I didn't choose anything.
I couldn't help it. It just popped IN there.
What? What just popped in there?
I... I... I tried to think...
LOOK!
No! It CAN'T be!
What is it?
It CAN'T be!
What did you do, Ray?
It's the Stay Puff Marshmallow Man
Mongols
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Ghostbusters
• When the evil time
traveler comes to destroy
earth.
Mongols
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Who were they?
• Nomads
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Herded livestock
• Generally acknowledged
with coming from the area of
Eurasia open plains of
Central Asia
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Mongolia
• Also called Tartars
• Expert horsemen
• Excellent archers and
conducted most warfare on
horseback
Mongols
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Class Question
• What was so important about the Mongols
conducting warfare on horseback at this time?
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What effect did it have on their enemies?
What psychological effect did/does horseback or
mobilized warfare have?
Mongols
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Who were they?
• Often seen as bloodthirsty
and most times were
ruthless to their adversaries
but they did have a
somewhat complex society
• They did have
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Laws
Religious practices
Advanced military
technology
• Saddle
• Stirrups
• Didn’t have
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Most Mongols were
illiterate
Mongols
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Who were the Mongols
• The Mongols are seen as borrowers not creators
• As we will see that while the Mongols will not
produce a Golden Age and they will not impact the
world with their own culture they will diffuse other
cultures and unite cultures
Mongols
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The Fear
• It was generally known that if the Mongol Horde
was heading towards your town, village, city you did
not have many options
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Fight and be crushed and lose your life
Retreat to you homes or houses of worship and be burned
alive
Or give in an hope that you and your people would be
saved-this did not always happen!
Mongols
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Warriors and Warfare
• While the Mongols were brutal
they were not without organization
• They could cover 25 miles in a day
• Horsemen could cover 90 miles
• Their bows were effective at up to
300 yards-even on horseback
• Mongol horses were very hardy
and could endure traveling great
distances
• The army numbered 80,000 to
100,000 men
Mongols
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Warriors and Warfare
• Armies were divided into
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Units
Light and heavy cavalry
Scouting units
spies
• Men were rewarded for
bravery and punished for
cowardliness
Mongols
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Warriors and Warfare
• The goals of the Mongols prior
to a battle was to
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Know their enemy
Know the land
• The goals of the Mongols
during the battle were
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Win
• The goals of the Mongols after
the battle
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Destroy those who resisted
This ensured that future
villages, towns and cities did
not resist in the future
Mongols
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Genghis Khan
• In the 1100’s and beginning of the 1200’s the
Mongols were involved in clan wars
• The Mongols lacked a sense of unity
• Mongols fought themselves more then they fought
their enemies
• There were approximately 30 tribes and about 1.5 to
3 million Mongols
Mongols
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Genghis Khan
• Born between 1155 and 1162
• His family had been disgraced
in a clan war however Genghis
became an important clan
leader
• Genghis had tremendous
military and organizational
skills
• This allowed Genghis to
organize and united the
Mongols and then turn them
on the world
Mongols
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Quick notes about Genghis Khan
• You should know that he is also known as
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Temujin (original name)
Chingiz Khan
Jenghiz Kahn
Chinggis Khan
• Genghis Khan’s adopted name means
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Genghis-”limitless strength”
Khan-ruler
Mongols
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On to China
• Once Khan had unified the Mongols he turned towards China
• In 1211 the Mongols invaded China
• By 1215 the Mongols had crossed the Great Wall and seized the Jin
(Jurchen) capital of Beijing
• By 1218 the Khwarazm Empire home of the Silk Road and the trade city
of Samarkand had be captured
• By 1219 the city of Heart in Afghanistan had been captured
• By 1223 the Mongols had defeated and absorbed the Jin
• Genghis Khan and the Mongols now turned to the west and Russia
Mongols
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Genghis Khan
• In 1227 Genghis Khan dies
• This became the end of the
first expansion of the Mongols
• Genghis’ sons carried out the
second wave of conquest
• Genghis’ third son Ogodei or
Ugedei became the great Khan
Mongols
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What the Mongols had done so far
• The now controlled key points of the Silk Road-which means
they had a great source of wealth
• They had learned new technology especially from China-siege
warfare that would be useful in their conquest of Russia
• Their small but effective army was able to conquer large
amounts of land and bigger empires in a short period of time
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1209-1227
Mongols
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Ogodei’s Empire
• The Mongols did not stop
when Genghis Khan died
• Ogodei’s armies moved
into China and by 1234
the Mongols were at the
doorstep of the Song
Empire
• Korea was forced into a
tributary system
• Ogodei’s real goal
however was the Mongol
expansion into the west
Mongols
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In 1236 the Mongols
were ordered west
150,000 to 200,000
troops Lead by Batu
(nephew to Ogodei)
known as the Golden
Horde moved into
eastern Europe
Mongols
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Europe
• From 1237 to 1240 most
of Russia and Ukraine
were captured
• From 1240 to 1242
Bulgaria, Romania,
Hungary and Poland fell
under Mongol occupation
• The Mongol invasion had
caused great fear and
panic in eastern Europe
• However in 1241 Ogodei
died and Batu returned to
Mongolian homeland
Mongols
Class Questions
#1
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• The Mongols pushed into eastern Europe and China in a
relatively short period of time 1209-1242
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What do you see as a major problem of this for the Mongols?
#2
• The Mongol push into Europe stopped short of what is today
Austria and Germany because of two thing
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What two things would have stopped the Mongols in this area
Mongols
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Europe
• By 1242 the Mongols were overextended from China to
eastern Europe especially with having such a small army
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Hard to keep supplied
Hard to maintain control of territory conquered
• In Eastern Europe the Mongols were unfamiliar with fighting
in forest and against castled cities
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Mongols were better equipped to fight on open plains and flat
grasslands
Mongols
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Pax Mongolica
• In the 1240’s and 1250’s the Mongols continued to expand
their empire mostly in the east and south
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The Mongols moved further into China putting pressure on the Song
Empire
Tibet was controlled by the Mongols
• The Mongols moved into the Middle East destroying the
Abbasid Caliphate and now controlled
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The Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Persia, and Syria
Mongols
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The Empire
• The created a single
system of government for
the areas they controlled
• They imposed laws
• Encouraged economic
growth
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Mostly for their tribute
system
Mongols
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The Empire
• They created safe routes
of travel for people to
move about and trade
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Silk Road
• Traders from the East
could meet with and
exchange goods and ideas
with those from the west
Mongols
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Pax Mongolica
• This era of peace was called Pax Mongolica
• It was created in two ways
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Fear
• Fear of or the use of force by the Mongols
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Administratively
• The Mongols used the Turkic language as their adopted language
• The Mongols created a system of codes or laws (yasa) mostly borrowed
from the Chinese
• Adopted the use of paper currency
• Adopted and allowed for religious tolerance
 Accepted Buddhism and Islam
• Created a postal system to keep news flowing from one end of the
empire to the other
Mongols
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Pax Mongolica
• The Empire
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The Empire was divided into smaller independent empires
or hordes
The Mongols began to assimilate into the cultures they
had conquered
Mongols
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Class Question
• A Chinese proverb says
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“One can conquer an empire on horseback, but one
cannot govern that empire from horseback”
What does this mean and what will it mean for the vast
empire of the Mongols?
Mongols
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The Empire Breaks Apart
• In 1260 civil war breaks out among the Mongol
leaders to see who will become the next great Khan
• The nephews and grandsons of Genghis Khan begin
to break up the empire into small independent states
called Khanates
Mongols
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The Khanates
1. The Golden Horde-Russia
and Eastern Europe (Kipchak
Khanate)
2. Domain of the Great KhanMongolia Homeland
3. The Jagadai (Chaghadai)
Khanate-Central Asia and
lands to the west
4. Il-Khan-Middle Eastern
Khubilai Khan
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One great leader does rise
out of the battle for the
empire
Khubilai Khan
By 1271 Khubilai Khan had
conquered and united all of
China
In 1279 the Song Dynasty
feel to the Mongols
Khubilai Khan
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Khubilai did several things for China
• Rid China of the many warring factions and created the Yuan
Dynasty
• The Mongols adopted the Buddhism and rejected
Confucianism
• Mandarin became the official language of China and is still
the official language
• Expanded and secured the Chinese boarders with the strong
Mongol troops
• Forced most of China’s neighbors to pay tribute
Khubilai Khan
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Internal Repairs
• Rebuilt the roads which
increased trade
• Created a government
bureaucracy
• Built new cities for trade
• Restored trade with the west
• The Silk Road became the vital
avenue of trade and cultural
exchange
Khubilai Khan
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Economy
• Because of the increase in trade and the re-opening
of the Silk Road China became a very wealthy
country
• The merchant class in China became very important
Yuan China
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While the Mongols opened trade and increased
their wealth they also increased the cultural
diffusion of Europe?
• Discuss how?
• Could one say that the cultural diffusion under the
Yuan and the Mongols was as if not more important
than the cultural diffusion of the Crusades?
Marco Polo
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In the 1270’s Marco Polo
visited China
Polo spoke of the rich
and glorious land of
China
This further stimulated
trade with China
Yuan China
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After the death of Khubilai Khan China feel
into disarray
• In the early 1300’s China lost 30 to 40 percent of its
population because of the bubonic plague
• There was severe economic loss because of the loss
of population and the plague
Yuan China
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Civil Wars
• China experienced a series of civil wars brought on
by leaders trying to fill the role of Khan
• In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang finally ended the Yuan
Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty (China’s
longest lasting Dynasty)
The Other Mongol Khanates
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The Golden Horde
• Established control over Russia
• They did little to promote the advancement of
Russia and contributed to the economic and social
problems Russia would experience after the Mongols
The Golden Horde
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In Russia the Mongols cut Russia off from
Western European ideas of the times
• The Russian did not incorporate any ideas from
the Renaissance or Reformation into their
society so Russia fell behind the western
Europe
• Because of the hard tariff system most of
Russia remained poor and most people were
serfs because of little money in the country.
• Both of these problems will keep Russia behind
western Europe
The Other Mongol Khanates
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Il-Khans
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Most Mongols in this area converted to Islam
Assimilated into the Islamic culture
Were attacked by fellow Mongols
Finally were displaced by the fast growing Ottoman
Turks
The Other Mongol Khanates
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Jagadai Khanate
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Controlled Central Asia
Most converted to Islam
Controlled parts of the Silk Road
Jagadai warlord Timur tries to take back all the lands of
Genghis Khan
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Timur is a ruthless warrior
Attempts to take over
• Russia, Persia, northern India, and parts of the Il-Khan in the Middle
East
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After his death his empire shrinks until the 1500’s when it finally falls
apart
Impact of the Mongols
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The Mongols did not advance cultures but instead diffused
cultures
Mongols in some cases became assimilators like the Il-Khan
• In areas where Islam was the primary religion they became Muslims
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In other areas they reject the Mongol ways for the cultures of the
conquered people
• China
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Khubilai Khan kept the Chinese from speaking Mongolians, forbid them
from marry Mongols and reject Confucianism
China never became Mongolized
Impact of the Mongols
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The expanse of the Mongol Empire
• Because of the great expanse of the empire and trade routes
cultures were able to interact
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Europe and China
China and the Middle East
• While the Mongols were brutal they expanded and empire
that touched every major civilization in the world
• The Mongols connected the world and this connection would
last until today
Impact of the Mongols
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Effects of Europe and Russia
• Because the Mongols were illiterate the Mongols
retarded cultural advancement in Russia
• The forms of tribute weakened the Russian economy
• Cities were destroyed
• In Russia many Mongols became inhabitants of
Russia and assimilated into the culture
Class Questions
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Could one say that while the Mongols culturally
diffused the areas they conqueror that they also
caused problems in the world
• What were some of the problems?
• What major event probably would not have
happened in Europe if not for the Mongols?