Transcript General
Origin of Basaltic Magma
Table 18-4. A
Classification of
Granitoid Rocks Based
on Tectonic Setting.
After Pitcher (1983) in
K. J. Hsü (ed.),
Mountain Building
Processes, Academic
Press, London; Pitcher
(1993), The Nature and
Origin of Granite,
Blackie, London; and
Barbarin (1990) Geol.
Journal, 25, 227-238.
Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Sources of mantle material
Ophiolites
Slabs
of oceanic crust and upper mantle
Thrust at subduction zones onto edge of continent
Dredge samples from oceanic fracture zones
Nodules and xenoliths in some basalts
Kimberlite xenoliths
Diamond-bearing
pipes blasted up from the
mantle carrying numerous xenoliths from depth
Kimberlite xenoliths
Photo of Kimberley diamond min (South Africa) and two
examples of mantle xenoliths (peridotite [top] and garnet
Peridotite [bottom] from a kimberlite.
Lherzolite is probably fertile (undepleted) unaltered mantle
Dunite and harzburgite are refractory residuum after basalt has been
extracted by partial melting
Tholeiitic basalt
15
Ultramafic
rocks
10
Figure 10-1 Brown and Mussett,
A. E. (1993), The Inaccessible
Earth: An Integrated View of Its
Structure and Composition.
Chapman & Hall/Kluwer.
5
Lherzolite
Harzburgite
Dunite
0
0.0
0.2
Residuum
0.4
Wt.% TiO2
0.6
0.8
Lherzolite: A type of peridotite
with Olivine > Opx + Cpx
Olivine
Dunite
90
Peridotites
Lherzolite
40
Pyroxenites
Olivine Websterite
Orthopyroxenite
10
10
Orthopyroxene
Websterite
Clinopyroxenite
Figure 2-2 C After IUGS
Clinopyroxene
Phase diagram for aluminous
4-phase lherzolite:
Al-phase =
Plagioclase
shallow
Spinel
50-80
km
Garnet
80-400
(< 50 km)
km
Si VI coord.
> 400 km
Figure 10-2 Phase diagram of aluminous lherzolite with melting interval (gray), sub-solidus
reactions, and geothermal gradient. After Wyllie, P. J. (1981). Geol. Rundsch. 70, 128-153.
How does the mantle melt??
1) Increase the temperature
Figure 10-3. Melting by raising the temperature.
2) Lower the pressure
Adiabatic
rise of mantle with no conductive heat loss
Decompression melting could melt at least 30%
Figure 10-4. Melting by (adiabatic) pressure reduction. Melting begins when the adiabat crosses the
solidus and traverses the shaded melting interval. Dashed lines represent approximate % melting.
3) Add volatiles (especially H2O)
Figure 10-4. Dry peridotite solidus compared to several experiments on H2O-saturated peridotites.
Melts can be created under
realistic circumstances
Plates separate and mantle rises at midocean ridges, or at continental rifts
Adibatic rise decompression melting
Hot spots localized plumes of melt
Fluid fluxing
Important in subduction zones
Figure 9-8. (a) after Pearce and Cann (1973), Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 19, 290-300. (b) after Pearce (1982) in Thorpe (ed.),
Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks. Wiley. Chichester. pp. 525-548, Coish et al. (1986), Amer. J. Sci., 286, 1-28. (c)
after Mullen (1983), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 62, 53-62.