Recognition and e-Democracy for the Disabled Community

Judith Molka-Danielsen, PhD [1] [email protected]

Susan Balandin, PhD [email protected]

Beinta í Jákupsstovu, Dr. Polit [email protected]

SWEG February 2nd-3rd 2009 Kristiansand Norway

One challenge: resolving a difference in perception • “Disabled people’s reliance on others for help with the tasks of daily living is confused with dependence whereas, according to the independent living movement, independence stems from the

ability to control the assistance required

.” (Lister, 2007)

Society’s Questions • Who do we recognize? Legislation is slow to appear – US Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was first major US law to grant persons with disability such basic civil rights. – Rights of disabled person to the same fundamental rights as all other people, including the same civil and political rights (United Nations, 1975). – EU signs human-rights charter 30 March the protocal for complaints procedure.

2007

on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. But does not sign http://www.euractiv.com/en/socialeurope/eu-limited-pledge-disabled-rights/article-162931 • Who are we prepared to redistribute (rights)?

– Access to information - Rehabilitation Act (2001) to address rights of access to information. (not implemented) – Ability to voice opinion in social context. (How?)

Democratic Models • Held (2006/7) - “participatory democracy” focus on the significance of peoples’ direct involvement • Beethams (2005) - focus on the value of political participation and highlights the possibilities in digital democracy But, does ICT help persons with disability? • Democracy Committee of the Nordic Council of Ministers (Demokratiutvalget, Sluttrapport ANP 2005:701) report on the danger of “digital divides” & have revealed that ICT first and foremost is a

supplementary tool for the few that already are politically active

, while the groups that are not already included in political work, do not use ICT to become more politically active.

Possible Barriers to Political Activity • Lower average annual income (than the general population) – that prevents access to ICT.

• Physical disability that interferes with communication (limited sight, hearing, motor control). • Learning disability – that can be related to fewer years of formal education or cognitive disability.

• Limited former experience with ICT due to the above reasons.

Norway: Percentage with access to different ICT, by household type and household income. 2nd quarter 2008 (Ref:http://www.ssb.no/ikthus_en/tab-2008-09-18-01-en.html

Type

All households

Degree of disability 2004 Total income (NOK) 1000

HH w/children

PC

86 98

Internet

84 98 All disability pensioners HH w/o children

HH income NOK 1000 <200

200-399 400-599 >600 80

72

73 94 97 77

69

72 89 97 15-49 % disabled 50-69 % disabled 70-99 % disabled 100 % disabled

200

331 255 183 191

Private Broadband Subscriptions by Centrality Rating of Municipality 3rd Quarter 2008 Centrality

Least Central

% Households with Broadband

57 Little Central 63 Somewhat Central Most Central 64 69

Reference: http://www.ssb.no/inet/main.html

Norway Population aged 15-66, total, and persons with disabilities

, by labour force status, age and sex.

2nd quarter 2008

. 1 000 and as per cent of all in each group. http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/06/01/akutu_en/tab-2008-09-01-02-en.html

Population Age and sex TOTAL PER CENT Total (1) 3 234

Disabled (2) 555

100,0

17,2

(3) Employed Total 2 501 77,3 Disabled (4) 251 45,3 Unemployed Total (5) Disabled (6) Not in the labour force Total (7)

Disabled (8)

72 2,2 16 2,9 661 20,4

288 51,9

15-24 25-39 40-54 55-59 60-66 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

8,3 9,5 18,5 30,7 38,0

59,5 86,7 87,1 78,9 53,7 48,4 51,6 53,6 44,8 28,9 5,4 2,2 1,3 1,0 0,4 7,8 5,5 2,7 1,1 0,6 35,1 11,1 11,6 20,1 45,9

43,9 42,9 43,7 54,1 70,5

How do persons with a disability engage in local politics?

NIBR Report 2006:1 (Hanssen & Winsvold) Hanssen and Winsvold explored the following major issues: 1. Do disabled engage in local politics by means of modern electronic communication (via ICT); 2. What do disabled use ICT for with a focus on the use of municipal home pages; that is are there differences between the disabled and general public use of ICT for political ends; and lastly 3. What can local political administrations do to ensure equal participation in local politics for all parties? Good questions – however, response rates were low and not representative of persons over 55 years.

How can disabled persons be given a voice?

e-Government policies through e-Democracy channels of communication must address issues of

cultural misrecognition

and

material inequalities

. (Lister, 2007; Goodlad and Ridell 2005; Witcher 2005). 1. Government regulations & policies must support the opinion of a disabled person on

equal footing

with those who do not have a disability. 2. Government must ensure that there are

low cost

ways to access government information and services.

Beginning to address 1 & 2 1. Comprehensive Statistics – The European Model on Disability and Social Integration (Jorun Ramm & Berit Otnes, www.ssb.no, 2008) says The Nordic Cooperation on Disability (NSH) has announced a need for comparable statistics on people with disabilities across Nordic countries. The European Disability and Social Integration Module is to be implemented in the EU countries during 2010-2011, will be a new approach to study disability. It will collect and analyze data with emphasis activity limitations and participation restriction, in addition to individual limitations. 2. Support standard approaches that will aid disabled persons to express their opinions and participate actively within their communities. – W3C WCAG 2.0 – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines released on December 10th 2008 will help web designers to build sites that can be read and understood by persons with blindness, hearing impairments, physical impairments and cognitive disabilities such as short-term memory impairment or seizure disorders.

Continued work Further study is needed. – The general attitudes and awareness in society are harder to change and require learning. We propose to do further literature review to include the findings of the most recent studies. We propose in related research to discover what supports are needed to engage persons with disability in the use of social ICT such as 3D virtual worlds. This can have meaning for a variety of social activities such as local political engagement. In the context of a 3D virtual world we intend to study the attitudes and understanding of a student segment towards persons with disabilities.