RESPIRATORY DISEASES

PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT

H E A L T H Y L U N G

RESPIRATORY ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA PNEUMONIA ASP. PNEUMONIA CYSTIC FIBROSIS PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARDS PUL EMBOLISM PUL INFARCT DISEASES

C O P D

ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA

ASTHMA

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A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS.

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SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM.

CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.

Allergens:dust pollen, foods.

Plasma cell IgE antigens IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation.

Allergic reaction:

=

Release of histamine

ASTHMA SYMPTOMS

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WHEEZING CYANOSIS IRRITABLE RESP RATE SWEATING O2 SAT<90-92% UNABLE TO TALK MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.

PEAK FLOW TEST PEFR: PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE A DROP IN 50 60% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.

TREATMENT

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BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol).

THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES.

CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION.

O2 THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.

BRONCHITIS INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS

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COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM.

BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.

MUCOUS PLUG BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS

BRONCHITIS TREATMENT

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REST FLUIDS ANTIPYRETIC FOR FEVERS ANTIBIOTICS FOR PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS.

EMPHYSEMA

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CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.

EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.

DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE MOTH-EATEN APPEARANCE BULLAE

ETIOLOGY

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SMOKING ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB ATT-ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA

HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?

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2.8 MILLION AMERICANS RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES

SYMPTOMS

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INCREASING SOB COUGH SPUTUM PRODUCTION PROLONGED EXPIRATION ANOREXIA WT LOSS MALAISE

SMOKERS LUNG

OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

MODERN PFT

TREATMENT

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NO CURE STOP SMOKING BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY

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LUNG TRANSPLANT LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION BREATHING EXERCISES & PD

EMPHYSEMA PATIENT

BARREL CHEST

PERCUSSION

ARDS

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A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS

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ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.

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UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED OUT

ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT

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RAPID BREATHING NASAL FLARING CYANOSIS DYSPNEA ANXIETY AND STRESS APNEA AT TIMES RALES, RHONCHI AND WHEEZES

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SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

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ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS.

TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION.

FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.

ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

PNEUMONIA

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INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE

SYMPTOMS

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CHILLS, HIGH FEVER CHEST PAIN PRUNE COLORED SPUTUM SWEATING RAPID PULSE AND BREATHING CYANOSIS CONFUSED MENTAL STATE.

TREATMENT : ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.

VACCINATION

NEXT

PNEUMOCONIOSES OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

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INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION

PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE INHALED PARTICULATES PROLIFERATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE

NODULE OF DUST

TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES

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SILICOSIS

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ASBESTOSIS

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ANTHRACOSIS

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SIDEROSIS

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BAGASOSSIS

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BYSSINOSIS

ASBESTOS FIBERS

SYMPTOMS

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SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES WHEEZING COUGH DYSPNEA WEIGHT LOSS EXCESS SPUTUM REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE

TREATMENT

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DUST SUPPRESSION TREAT SYMPTOMS SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT

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ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION O2 THERAPY NEB AND STEROIDS CITY LUNG

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP.

A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER SECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.

SYMPTOMS ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN CAUSE: ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK.

THICK MUCOUS CAUSES: RESP INFECTION, DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION & POOR GROWTH.

CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY

NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS

TREATMENT OF CF

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PT EXERCISE TO LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING BRONCHODILATORS O2 THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INF.

NUTRITION AND VITAMINS LUNG TRANSPLANT

PULMONARY EMBOLUS

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SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA.

CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE = PUL. INFARCT

SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT

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SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. & INTENSITY TACHYPNEA SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN HYPOXEMIA TREATMENT: ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY.

anthracosis PhotoGallery bulbous emphysema bronchopneumonia

PhotoGallery CF bronchiectasis

PhotoGallery emphysema

Pul embolus PhotoGallery Pul infarct

PhotoGallery pneumonia

PhotoGallery siderosis

PhotoGallery Status asthmaticus

TB PhotoGallery Lung transplant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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www.pediatriconall.com

www.courier-journal.com

www.fpnotebook.com

www.itc.csmd.edu

//krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu

www.merck.com

med-lab.utah.edu