Transcript Unit 1 : Mix and Flow of Matter

The properties of fluids and the Particle
Model
Solid – Has a definite shape and volume.
Liquid – Has a definite volume, but no definite
shape.
Gas – Has neither a definite shape or volume.
Particles in Solids
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Particles are so tightly packed together that they
can’t move around freely...they can only vibrate.
Solids are greatly affected by gravity and will move
to the lowest point.
Solids can be ground into small pieces so that they
can be poured...but each piece is still a solid and
they pile up on each other and can’t flow.
Examples of solids that can be poured are :
detergents, drink crystals, salt, sugar.
Particles in Liquids
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Particles have enough energy to pull away from
each other...therefore they can slide (flow)
around each other while still vibrating close to
each other in small groups.
Liquid particles are packed tightly enough
together that they are affected by gravity.
Liquids will always flow to the lowest point.
Particles in Gases
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All liquids can be transformed into their gaseous
state when liquids are heated.
Gas particles are so far apart that there is an
enormous amount of empty space between them.
Most gases seem invisible because there is so much
space between particles.
Most gases do not flow to the lowest point as do
liquids and solids. Because gas particles are spread
out so much, they move in all directions, sometimes
against gravity and remain suspended.
The Particle Model of Matter
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All substances are made of tiny particles.
All particles in a pure substance are the same.
Different pure substances are made of different
particles.
The particles have spaces between them.
The particles are always in motion – vibrating,
rotating and (in liquids and gases) moving from place
to place. The speed of the particles increases when
temperature increases and speed decreases when
temperature decreases.
The particles in a substance are attracted to one
another. The strength of the attractive force
depends on the type of particle.
Take a break
Classification of Matter
All Matter
Mixtures
Pure Substances
•Contain only one type of particle.
•Can exist in three states of
matter – solid, liquid and gas.
Elements
• Examples : iron,
gold and oxygen.
Compounds
• Examples : water,
salt and sugar.
•Contain two or more pure
substances.
Homogeneous
(solutions)
• Appear to be one
substance.
• Different kinds of
particles intermingle.
• Examples :
vinegar and clean air
Heterogeneous
(mechanical)
mixtures
•Two or more parts
can be seen.
• Different kinds of
particles stay
together.
• Examples : soil,
blood and concrete.
Pure Substances
Elements
- Pure substances can be seen in the Periodic Table of
Elements. These are the only pure substances that we
know of and each individual substance in the table is an
element.
Compounds
- The elements in the Periodic Table of Elements are
combined to make compounds of pure substances.
Compound means made of two or more elements.
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Compounds have very strong chemical bonds and as the elements combine, they lose
their individual characteristics.
Forming a compound requires a chemical reaction. Compounds cannot be separated by
physical means such as evaporation.
NaCl – Table Salt
NaHCO3 – Baking Soda
NaOH – Drain Cleaner
NaOCL – Bleach
Minerals - Quartz
Mixtures
Homogeneous (Solutions)
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Look like they are made of one substance.
When there is no settling of substances, it is called a solution. Solutions
happen because each particle slips between each other particle so they are
evenly distributed.
A solution or Homogeneous mixture has equal parts of both substances.
There are no chemical bonds in Homogeneous solutions. Also when the
substances combine they still keep their individual characteristics. When
sugar combines with water, the sugar still tastes sweet.
Forming a mixture does not require a chemical reaction, you simply have to
combine substances.
Mixtures can be separated by physical means like boiling.
Can you name some homogeneous solutions that you may find in your home?
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Salt Water
Corn Oil
White Vinegar
Pure Water
Heterogeneous (Mechanical mixtures)
The substances in a heterogeneous mixture are not hidden.
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If there are two or more substances visible within a mixture, then it is called
heterogeneous.
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by mechanical means such as using a
filter or using your hands.
Can you name some heterogeneous mixtures that you may find in your home?
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Italian salad dressing
Chunky spaghetti sauce
In Between Mixtures
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A heterogeneous mixture that looks homogeneous, but has particles slowly settle
over time is called a suspension.
A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles do not settle is called a colloid.
Can you name some In between mixtures that you may find in your home?
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Orange Juice
Milk
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Video
Take a break
Why do materials dissolve?
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Forming a solution by mixing two or more materials
is called dissolving.
Dissolving happens because particles attract each
other and are always moving.
How do we know this?
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Example – When we mix sugar and water, the water
particles have a stronger pull on the sugar particles
than the other sugar particles do. Also, because the
particles are always moving, they can move beside
each other and the attraction happens more. The
particles of sugar eventually move around and mix
evenly with the water.
Solutes and Solvents
Example – Sugar being dissolved in water.
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The solute is the substance (sugar) that dissolves in the
solvent (water) to form a solution.
The solvent (water) dissolves the solute (sugar) to form
solution.
There is usually more solvent than the solute in a solution.
Sugar can dissolve in water, therefore sugar is soluble in
water. Soluble means able to be dissolved in a particular
solvent. Something that is insoluble is unable to dissolve in a
solvent.
Try and think of two more examples of something being dissolved
and tell me what is the solvent and what is the solute.
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The Universal Solvent
Water is called the universal solvent because it can
dissolve so many substances.
The Rate of Dissolving
Rate of dissolving is how fast a solute dissolves in a
solvent.
Factors that affect the rate of dissolving
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Agitation helps the solutes dissolve faster.
Smaller pieces dissolve faster than larger
pieces of a substance.
In many substances the rate of dissolving
increases as temperature increases.
How much can be dissolved?
Solubility is the mass of a solute that can dissolve
in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated
solution at a given temperature.
A saturated solution is when no more solute will
dissolve in a solvent.
An unsaturated solution is when more of a solute
can still dissolve in a solvent.
A supersaturated solution is when a solvent
contains more solute than can normally be
dissolved.
Using the Particle Model of Matter to explain
mixtures and solutions
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The Particle Model of Matter says : The particles in a
substance are attracted to one another. The strength of
the attractive force depends on the type of particle.
So particles that make a solution would have stronger
attractions to each other, where as particles in mixtures
would not have as strong of attractions to each other.
The Particle Model of Matter also says : That
particles are always moving. Therefore it is easier
for them to mix together and the attraction
between particles can work quicker.
Take a break
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Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
States of Matter
and the Particle
Model of Matter
3 States of
Matter
Particle Model of
Matter
What are the 5 parts of The
Particle Model of Matter
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What are 3
characteristics of a
____?
What are 3 characteristics
of a ____?
____
What are 3 characteristics of
a _____?
Classification of
Matter
Mixtures
Pure Substances
Homogeneous
(solutions)
Elements
Where can we find
elements and name
two?
______
Give 3 characteristics of
Homogeneous Solutions and give
3 examples.
What are two characteristics
of ____ and give two
examples?
_______
(mechanical)
mixtures
Give 3 characteristics of
_____ Solutions and give 3
examples.