CH. 25.1 continued - Mr. Cass's Classes

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Transcript CH. 25.1 continued - Mr. Cass's Classes

CH. 25.1 continued
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Why England?
Natural Resources
– Water power and coal to fuel machines
– Iron ore to construct machines, tools, factories
– Rivers from transport
– Harbors for merchant ships
Agricultural Improvements
– Food production increases resulting in more food
– More food results in better lives and increased
population
– Increasing population creates demand for food and cloth
Beginning of Urbanization
– Farmers lose land to enclosure movement
– Move to cities and work in factories
Expanding economy supported industrialization
– Investments for inventions
– Banking system (loans)
– Overseas trade
Political stability
– No wars occur on British soil
– Passes laws to help encourage business ventures
Factors of production
– Land, labor, and wealth (capital)
Britain’s Transportation Advantage
• Steam-driven locomotives
– Connect harbors with inland cities
– Liverpool (port) and Manchester (inland)
• Four effects of railroads
– Spurred industrial growth (cheap transport)
– Created jobs
– Agricultural and fishing industries boosted
– Travel made easier – encouraged people to
migrate for work
Industrial Life
25.2
• Effects of industrialization on people
– Higher wages
– Affordability of some luxuries (heat, clothing…)
– Population of cities grow (overcrowding)
• Agglomeration begins:
– clustering of people and industrial activity (factories) to take advantage of
labor, technological, and financial services
• Industrial cities pop up in areas rich in coal
• London most important city
– Became Europe’s larges city
– Birmingham and Sheffield (iron)
– Leeds and Manchester (textiles)
– Liverpool and Manchester (cotton)
Living Conditions
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=4_5bZwNicv
Y
• England grows rapidly without:
– Development plans
– Sanitary codes
– Building codes
– Inadequate housing,
education, and police
– No drains, garbage collection
• Cholera swept through slums
– Drinking well
• Average life span 17 years
(working class)
Working Conditions
• Overtime!
– Owners keep
machines running
as often as possible
• 14 hour days – 6 days a
week
• Factories dark
– Coal mines most
dangerous
• Machines injured
workers
– Laissez Faire
Class Tensions
• I.R. creates mass wealth
– Most wealth made by owners (middle class)
• Middle Class made of:
– Skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealth farmers
– Some owners grew wealthier than aristocracy
• Class distinctions create tension
– Landowners (former nobles) look down on factory owners
(businessmen)
• Dividing lines
– Upper middle class (government employees, doctors, lawyers, and
factory managers
– Lower middle class (skilled workers, factory managers)
• Working class see little improvement in life or work
– Machines begin replacing them and jobs are lost
– Begin destroying machines
Luddites
 Luddites: social movement of English workers in the early 1800s that
protested - often by destroying textile machines
 Named after Ned Ludd
 Machines were taking their jobs
 Attacked entire factories
 In 1819, when workers rallied in Manchester, England soldiers charged the
crowd, killing dozens and injuring hundreds.
 Because of this, workers were forbidden to organize or bargain for better
pay and conditions and strikes were outlawed.
Industrialization Spreads
25.3
• U.S. possessed same resources as Britain
– Rivers, coal, iron ore, laborers
• War of 1812 (Britain blockades U.S.)
– U.S. becomes self-reliant
• Begins in textiles
• Samuel Slater (British) emigrates to U.S.
– Builds spinning machine (from memory)
• Moses Brown opens first factory in U.S. (Pawtucket , R.I.)
• Francis Lowell invents a mechanized system for weaving cloth
– Opens weaving factory in Waltham, Mass.
– Massachusetts becomes major industrial area in U.S.
Technological Boom
• Causes of technological boom
– Natural resources
– Burst of inventson (light bulb, telephone
– Urban population boom that purchased
manufactured goods
– Railroads help expand cities
Rise of Corporations
• “The evidence is unmistakably
indicates that you have to spend
money to make money.” Srully
Blotnick
• Stocks: to raise money,
entrepreneurs sold stock – or
shares of their company
• Corporations are owned by
“stockholders”
• U.S. corporations:
– Standard Oil (John Rockefeller
– Carnegie Steel Co. (Andrew
Carnegie)
– Monopolized industries
Continental Europe Industrializes
• French Rev. and Napoleonic wars impede Europe’s
industrialization
• Belgium
– I.R. comes to Belgium first
– Natural Resources (I and C)
– Waterways
– Spinning machinery and factories
• Germany follows:
– Politically divided in 1800s
– Economic isolation and scattered resources
prevent industrialization
– Pockets of Ind. Appear
– Import British equipment and engineers
– Built railroads linking manufacturing cities with
Ruhr Valley (coal-rich)
– Develops military power and unifies (late 1800s)
Impact of Industrialization
• Shifted world’s balance of power
• Increased competition among developed nations
• Increased poverty among less-developed nations
– Dependency Theory: based on colonialism
• Hypotheses which asserts that low levels of
development in less-developed nations
occurs because of their dependence on the
advanced nations.
• Developed-nations needed a constant flow of
raw materials from less-developed nations
• Britain led the way in overseas colonies for resources
– The United States, Russia, Japan followed
– Imperialism: policy of extending one country’s
rule over many other lands
– Imperialism was born out of industrialization –
the need for resources
Transformation of Society
• Industrialization empowered European
nations
• Contrast: Asia and Africa still agrarian and now
dependent on colonizers
• Daily life and life expectancy altered
• Population, health, and wealth eventually rose
in advanced societies
• Middle class created
– Greater educational opportunities
– More educated people = more social reform
Reforming the Industrial World
25.4
• Wide gap between rich and poor nations develops
• Wide gap between rich and poor of industrialized nations
develops
• Business beliefs
– Government should stay out of the way
• Reformers’ beliefs
– Government needed to improve condition of the poor
– Workers demanded rights and protection
– Unions should be created
• Adam Smith = father of modern economics
ADAM
SMITH
• Created
the concept of Laissez-Faire
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Economics (hands off)
Society would benefit if people were set free
from government interference
LF allows the right to freely compete for
customers.
Smith’s concepts
 Declared that a free, unregulated market,
and exchange of goods and services would
help everyone – NOT just the rich.
 A free market produces more goods at lower
prices
 Reinvestment of profits boosts economies
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Smith’s 3 Natural Laws
Self-interest: people work for their own
good
Competition: forces people to make better
products
Supply and Demand: goods will be produced
at a lower price to meet demand
Thomas Malthus on
Population
 Thomas Malthus’s writings on population helped shape
economic thinking
 Influenced by Adam Smith
 Malthus predicted that population would outpace food
 The only way to slow growth
 1) war 2) disease and 3) famine
 Malthus believed that as long as the population kept increasing,
the poor would suffer (starvation)
 Malthus urged families to have fewer children.
 Malthus disputed. Why do some people argue against him?
 Population not rising as predicted. Why?
 Expanded use of contraception
 Changing role of women
 Political polices (China’s one child policy)
 Declining birth rates in industrialized countries
 Food supply growing because (machines,
irrigation, fertilizer)
 Larger farms
 Genetically modified crops (seeds)
 Improved transportation
 Food preservation (refrigerated trucks)
David Ricardo
• Influenced by Malthus
• Believed that a permanent underclass
(poor) would always be poor
• Many workers and abundant resources
equal cheap labor and resources
• Few workers and few resources equal
expensive labor and resources
• Opposed government intervention
– Minimum wage laws, and better
working conditions would lower
profits
Utilitarianism
and rise of Socialism
• Utilitarianism: the idea that the goal of society should be “the
greatest happiness for the greatest number.”
• Utilitarians worked for reforms affecting workers and the poor, from child
labor to public health.
• Jeremy Bentham preached the idea of Utilitarianism and that all laws
or actions should be judged by their ability to provide pleasure rather than
pain. "...it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number
that is the measure of right and wrong...." Jeremy Bentham.
• Bentham supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed
happiness.
• Bentham saw the need for government to become involved in individuals’
lives under certain circumstances.
John Stuart Mill
 John Stuart Mill advanced the theory of
Utilitarianism
 Actions are right (good) if they promote
happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
 Mill government should prevent factories owners
from achieving happiness if doing so meant harm
to workers.
 Mill reexamined the idea of unrestricted markets as
being good for all
 It favored the strong over the weak.
 Mill wanted the government to step in and
improve the lives of the working class
 Argued people should be free to engage in
what ever behaviors they wish as long as it
does not harm others.
 Mill called for giving voting power to workers and
women
 Allowing them to use political power to create
reform.
 The effect of Mills: Today’s democratic
governments have adopted many ideas from Mill
and the other Utilitarians.
Robert Owen
 Robert Owen: mill owner and Utopian idealist
 Refused to use child labor.
 Encouraged the organization of labor unions.
 Established a model industrial community
 Reformed the way owners ran their businesses by setting up
his operation in Scotland as a model “village.”
 Owen built worker housing, opened schools for worker
children,
 Proved making a profit while offering decent living and working
conditions was possible.
 Sounds great, but what problem or issue do you see with this
model?
Karl Marx
 Karl Marx supported the theory of “economic determinism” and
despised Capitalism.
 Economic Determinism states that all social patterns and institutions
were controlled by economic factors.
 Argued that economics is the driving force behind history.
 Ec. Det. formed the basis for Socialism.
 Marx believed that CLASS STRUGGLE/CONFLICT is at the core
of society.
 Society is made up of a struggle between the “haves” of society and
the “have-nots”
 Promoted a classless society.
 “Haves” or owners of society = “Bourgeoisie”
 “Have-nots” or workers of society = “Proletariat”
 Believed workers would overtake owners (capitalists) and create a
classless (communist) society
Socialism and Communism
Socialism is a system in which
people as a whole rather than private
individuals own all property and all
businesses and the means of
production.
 Socialists condemned the evils of
industrial capitalism which they
believed created a gulf between rich
and poor.
 Socialists wanted to develop a
world in which society would operate
for the benefit of all members, rather
than just for the wealth.
 Communism is a form of
“complete” socialism
 Private property would cease to exist
 All goods and services would be shared
equally
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
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1800s people become more active in politics
– Workers join together and create unions
(voluntary labor associations)
Unions speak for all workers in a particular industry
– Engage in collective bargaining (negotiations)
between workers and owners
Factory Act of 1833 (Britain) outlawed child labor
under 9 years-old
– 9-12 cold not work longer than 8 hours
– 13-17 : no more than 12 hours
Mine Act of 1842 (Britain): women and children
could not work underground
Ten Hours Act of 1847 (Britain): limited workday to
10 hours for women and children factory workers
1904 (U.S.) attempts to outlaw child labor
– Supreme Court argues the federal child lave
law interferes with states rights (Federalism)
and their ability to regulate labor
Reform Spreads
• William Wilberforce leads fight (in England) to abolish
slave trade and slavery in British Empire
• Britain abolishes slavery in 1833
• Jane Addams (U.S.) ran community centers that served
poor
– Worked for social reform
– She saw many examples of government and
businesses exploiting workers
– Focused on the social problems created by the
imbalance of power among the social classes.
• Horace Mann: advocates for free public education for all
children