Transcript Project Objectives

Draft Recommendations for the
PAMS Network in the Northeast
and Mid-Atlantic States
Hilary Main
Sonoma Technology, Inc.
Petaluma, CA
Presented at NESCAUM- and MARAMA-sponsored
Meetings
May 4 and 7, 2001
Putney VT and Baltimore MD
900860-2078
Acknowledgements




NESCAUM and MARAMA for funding
State and Regional EPA monitoring and
analysis staff for comments, suggestions,
and discussion
Charlie Blanchard (ENVAIR), Joan Bursey
(ERG), Paul Roberts (STI) for technical
discussion and research
John Silvasi (EPA) for assistance
2
Objectives of the Project


Identify minimum type and number of
observations needed to satisfy PAMS
goals
Assist in developing recommendations
for potential changes to the network to
best balance or redirect resources to
meet the PAMS goals
3
Deliverables






Literature Review in Support of PAMS Program
Assessment
PAMS Data Validation for the Northeast and MidAtlantic States, 1994-1999
Statistical Summary of PAMS Data Collected in the
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States
Draft Recommendations for the PAMS Network in the
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States
Recommendations for the PAMS Network in the
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States
Electronic copy of data files (AIRS, VOCDat, AMDAS)
and statistical summaries (Excel)
4
Proposed PAMS Data Analysis
Objectives and Goals (1 of 2)


Objective: To contribute to tracking and
refining emission control strategies.
Goal: To help assess ozone control programs
by

identifying key constituents and parameters

tracking trends

characterizing transport

assisting in forecasting episodes

assisting in improving emission inventories
STAPPA/ALAPCO, 2000
5
Proposed PAMS Data Analysis
Objectives and Goals (2 of 2)

States and EPA should also consider how PAMS might
benefit other programs including how PAMS may:




help characterize ambient air toxics, support modeling,
and track key trends
help characterize nitrogen emissions and ambient
concentrations
provide data for evaluation of particulate matter and
regional haze
enhance special studies
STAPPA/ALAPCO, 2000
6
PAMS Site Types

Type 1


Type 2


Maximum ozone precursor
emissions impact
Type 3


Upwind and background
characterization
Maximum ozone
concentration
Type 4

Extreme downwind
monitoring
U.S. EPA, 1994
7
Evaluating
Site Type




Population
density
Abundant
species
# species
above DL
Composition
changes with
time of day
S
#
Ware
S
#
Chicopee
S
#
Agaw am
S
#
Stafford
E. H artford
S
#
5
0
5 10 Kilometers
PAMS Sites (98-99)
N
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
Persons per K m2
Upwind
0 - 10
Urban
10 - 100
Hig h O zon e
100 - 10 00
Down wind
100 0 - 1 000 0
1 km bu ffe r
100 00 - 887 19 .7
8
Possible Changes in Site
Designations






Kittery ME more indicative of a PAMS Type 3 site than
a Type 2 site
New Brunswick (Rutgers) NJ more indicative of Type 3
site than a Type 1/4 site
Arendstville PA data and location consistent with a
Type 1 or 4 site. Make this an official PAMS site.
Raleigh and Charlotte NC data and locations
consistent with Type 2 sites
Enochville NC data and location are consistent with a
Type 1/4 site
Garner and Mecklenburg County NC data and locations
consistent with Type 3 sites
9
Other Handouts




Draft Table 1-1 current site information
Draft Table 1-2 upper-air met site info
Rough draft recommendation summary
tables
Table A-1 - stakeholder questions
10
How can PAMS hydrocarbon data
quality be improved?






Continue regional quality assurance efforts
Develop a consistent regional approach to
validation techniques and data quality
standards
Consider a regional approach to data analysis
Work to reduce the unidentified portion of the
TNMOC
Work to eliminate the Nafion dryer
Provide coordinated approach to NOy
calibration and operations
11
Are there any sites at which VOC
measurements can be discontinued?




Primary benefit of dropping a site is a
reduction in the monitoring burden
Disbenefits include disuse of equipment
already purchased, net loss in spatial coverage
What are primary data uses?
Compare time series, side-by-side box plots,
summary statistics, fingerprints, and scatter
plots using VOCDat, SYSTAT, and AMDAS
12
Measures of Similarity




Compare median composition (including
linear regression)
Overlapping interquartile ranges
Overlapping confidence intervals around
means
AMDAS side-by-side box plots and
p-value statistics
13
Urban (Type 2 and 2A) Sites


Principal uses of
data: assess
emission
inventories and
track trends
Data analyses
focus on morning
concentrations
and ratios
Urban PAMS site
Lynn
14
Drop speciation at Queens or Bronx?
600 1000
6/7 Hr1
6/13 Hr3
6/19 Hr5
6/25 Hr7
7/1 Hr11
7/1 Hr12
7/7 Hr13
7/13 Hr15
7/19 Hr17
7/25 Hr19
7/31 Hr23
8/1 Hr0
8/7 Hr1
8/13 Hr3
8/19 Hr5
8/25 Hr7
8/31 Hr11
8/31 Hr12
9/6 Hr13
9/12 Hr15
9/18 Hr17
9/24 Hr19
9/30 Hr23
600 1000
600 1000
200
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
600
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
600
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
600
600 1000
6/1 Hr0
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
TNMOC
(ppbC)
200
600
TNMOC
(ppbC)
1998 Comparison
Left axis data from: bronx.1998.voc.1hr
Right axis data from: Queends.1998.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1998 to 9/30/1998.
No time period excluded.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
Solid Line = Left Axis
Dotted Line = Right Axis
15
Eth
Eth ane
y
Pro lene
Ac pan
ety e
n-B lene
Is utan
cis obut e
-2- an
e
B
n-P uten
e
e
Iso nta
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
e
ns
-2 ente
cis -Pen ne
3-M -2-P ten
eth ent e
ylp ene
e
n-H ntane
n-H exan
ep e
n-O tane
n-N ctan
o e
n na
Cy -De ne
clo can
pe
2,2
nta e
-D
im Isop ne
eth
r
ylb ene
2,4
u
-D
im 1-h tane
eth ex
e
y
Cy lpen ne
2,2 3- clo tan
M
e
h
,4
2,3 -Trim ethy exan
lhe e
,4e
t
x
Tri hy
me lpe ane
3-M thyl ntan
Me eth pen e
ta
t
y
Me hylcy lhep ne
thy clo tan
lcy he e
2-M clop xane
eth enta
ylh ne
2,3
ex
a
-D
1
im -B ne
2-M ethy uten
2,3
e
l
b
-D ethy uta
im
eth lpent ne
ylp ane
e
2-M n-Un ntan
eth dec e
ylh ane
m/ epta
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
e
Eth Tol ne
1,3
ylb uen
,5
en e
z
1,2 -Trim
o-X ene
,4e
t
Tri hy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thylb nzen
e
Iso ropy enze
pro lbe ne
py nze
o-E lben ne
z
m- thylto ene
Eth lu
yl ene
p
m- -Eth tolue
die ylto ne
1,2 p-d thylb luen
,3- ieth en e
trim ylb zen
eth enz e
ylb en
en e
ze
ne
bronx.1998.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/23/1998 to 9/6/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
0
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
Median [ppbC]
10
r2=0.97
slope=0.88
int.=0.16
VOC
10
12
bronx.1998.voc.1hr
Queens.1998.voc.1hr
8
12
14
14
Drop speciation at Queens or Bronx?
Queens.1998.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/23/1998 to 9/6/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
16
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
e
B
n-P uten
e
Iso enta
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2 ent e
c -P ene
3-M is-2- enten
eth Pen e
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
ep e
t
a
n-O ne
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
n
2,4 -Dim Iso tane
-D eth pre
im
eth ylbu ne
ylp tan
e
2,2 3- Cyclo enta
,4- Me he ne
T
x
2,3
th
,4- rime ylhe ane
Tri thy xa
me lpe ne
3- thy nta
Me Meth lpen ne
t
Me thylc ylhep ane
thy yclo tan
lc
h
e
2-Myclop exan
eth ent e
a
y
lhe ne
2,3
x
-D
im 1-B ane
u
e
2
t
2,3 -Me hylb tene
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un entan
eth dec e
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
Eth Tol ene
1,3
ylb uen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
z
,4- me o-X ene
Tri thy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thyl nze
n
b
Iso ropy enze e
pro lbe ne
n
p
z
o-E ylben ene
m- thylto zene
Et
lue
n
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylto ne
t
l
h
p-d yl ue
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
e
eth Sty ne
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Essex.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
No flags excluded.
0
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
Median [ppbC]
10
10
12
12
14
14
Living Classroom?
Essex.1999.voc.1hr
LivingClassroom.1999.voc.1hr
VOC
LivingClassroom.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 6/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
No flags excluded.
17
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
B
e
n-P uten
Iso enta e
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2- ente e
ne
P
c
3-M is-2- ente
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
ep e
n-O tane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
nt
2-M Dime Isop ane
t
e
h
2,4 thy ylb rene
-D l-1 uta
im -P
eth en ne
ylp ten
2,2 3 Cycl enta e
n
M o
,
2,3 4-Tri ethy hexa e
,4- me lhe ne
Tri thy xa
m
lp
ne
3 eth ent
Me -Met ylpen ane
h
Me thylc ylhe tane
thy yclo pta
lc
h ne
2-Myclop exan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
e
u
2,3 2-Me thylb tene
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un enta
eth dec ne
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
T
Eth o ene
1,3
ylb luen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
z
,4- me o-X ene
Tri thy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thyl nze
b
n
Iso ropy enze e
pro lbe ne
n
p
z
o-E ylbe ene
n
m- thylt zene
Et olu
en
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylt
n
o
t
p-d hyl lue e
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
z
lbe ene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
CliftonPark.1996.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1996 to 8/31/1996.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
No flags excluded.
0
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
Median [ppbC]
10
r2=0.91
slope=0.84
int.=0.0
VOC
10
12
CliftonPark.1996.voc.1hr
Essex.1996.voc.1hr
8
12
14
14
Drop speciation at Clifton Park
Essex.1996.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/5/1996 to 8/31/1996.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
18
Et
Eth hane
y
Pro lene
Pro pan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
l
n-B ene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
B
e
n-P uten
Iso enta e
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2- ente e
P
n
c
3-M is-2- ente e
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
e
e
n-Optane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
n
-D
im Iso tane
eth pre
ylb ne
2-M
u
2,4 ethy 1-h tane
-D l-1 exe
im -P
eth en ne
ylp ten
2,2 3 Cycl enta e
,4- -Me ohe ne
2,3 Tri th
x
,4- me ylhe ane
Tri thy xa
me lpe ne
nt
3 th
Me -Met ylpen ane
h
Me thylc ylhe tane
thy ycl pta
lc oh ne
2-Myclop exan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
e
u
2,3 2-Me thylb tene
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
2-M n-U enta e
eth ndec ne
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
Eth To ene
1,3
ylb luen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
,4- me o-X zene
Tri thy yl
m
lb en
n-P ethyl enze e
b
Iso ropy enz ne
pro lbe ene
py nze
o-E lbe ne
n
m- thylt zene
Eth olu
en
y
p
m- -Eth ltolu e
die ylt ene
p-d thyl olue
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
EHartford.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
0
0
2
2
4
4
Median [ppbC]
6
r2=0.80
slope=0.53
int.=0.22
VOC
6
8
8
Retain speciation at Hamden
EHartford.1999.voc.1hr
Hamden.1999.voc.1hr
Hamden.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
19
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
Ac pylen
ety e
n-B lene
tra Iso utan
ns bu e
t
cis 2-Bu ane
-2- ten
Bu e
n-P ten
Iso enta e
n
p
tra 1-Penta e
n
ns
-2- ente e
P
c
n
3-M is-2- ente e
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
ex e
n
a
He ne
4-M
eth n- ptan
yl- Oc e
1-P tan
e
e
n-N nten
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
2,2
pe ne
n
-D
im Iso tane
eth pre
2-M
ylb ne
2,4 eth 1-h utan
-D yl-1 ex e
im -P en
eth en e
yl te
2,2 3 Cyc pent ne
-M lo a
,
2,3 4-Tri eth hex ne
,4- me ylh ane
Tri thy exa
m
lp
n
3 eth en e
Me -Met ylpe tane
hy nta
t
h
Me ylc lhe ne
thy ycl pta
lc oh n
2-Myclop exane
eth ent e
ylh ane
3-M
ex
e
2,3 th 1-B ane
y
-D l-1 ute
im -B ne
2,3 2-Meethyl uten
-D thy but e
im
eth lpen ane
ylp tan
2-M n-U enta e
eth nde ne
ylh can
m/ epta e
p-X ne
Be ylene
nz
Eth To ene
1,3
ylb luen
,5e
1,2 Tri
n e
,4- me o- zene
Tri thy Xy
m
lb len
n-P ethy enze e
l
Iso ropy benz ne
pro lbe en
py nze e
o-E lbe ne
n
m- thylt zen
ol e
E
p-Ethylto uene
mdi thy lue
p-d ethy ltoluene
iet lben ne
1,2
hy
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
LeeSchool.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 8/31/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
No flags excluded.
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
Median [ppbC]
4
r2=0.64
slope=1.1
int.=0.19
VOC
5
LeeSchool.1999.voc.1hr
Mcmillan.1999.voc.1hr
4
5
6
6
Lee District School?
Mcmillan.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 8/18/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 5 to 8.
Flag(s) excluded: ..1...
20
E
Eththane
y
Pr len
Pro opane
p
Ac ylene
et
e
n-B ylen
e
tra Iso utan
ns bu e
t
cis 2-Bu ane
-2- ten
B
n-P ute e
n
Iso enta e
p
n
tra 1-Penta e
ns
-2- entene
c
P
3-M is-2- entene
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
n-H exa e
n
e
e
n-Optan
n-N ctane
o e
Cy n-Denane
clo ca
2,2
pe ne
n
-D
im Iso tane
eth pr
2,4
y
lb ene
-D
im 1- utan
eth he e
y xe
2,2 3 Cyc lpen ne
ta
l
,
2,3 4-Tr Meth ohex ne
,4- ime ylh ane
Tri thy ex
a
m
l
3 eth pen ne
Me -Met ylpe tane
Me thylc hylhentan
thy ycl pta e
lc oh n
2-Myclo exa e
eth pen ne
ylh tan
2,3
e e
-D
im 1-B xane
e
2,3 2-M thy uten
-D eth lbu e
im ylp tan
et
e
e
Fo hylpentane
rm nt
a
a
A
Pro cetaldeh ne
pio lde yde
na hy
lde de
Ac hyde
r
A ole
2-M n-U ceto in
eth nde ne
yl ca
m/ hept ne
p-X ane
Be ylene
n
Eth To zene
1,3
ylb lue
en ne
1,2,5-Tr
,4- ime o- zen
Tri thy Xy e
m
lb le
n-P ethy enz ne
Iso ropylbenzene
pro lbe en
n e
p
o-E ylbe zene
m- thylt nzen
Eth olu e
e
m- p-Ethyltolu ne
die yl en
p-d thy tolu e
iet lbe ene
1,2
hy nze
lbe n
,3trim
nz e
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Camden.1998.voc.3hrC
Includes data from 6/1/1998 to 9/30/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 4 to 7.
No flags excluded.
0
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
Median [ppbC]
8
Camden.1998.voc.3hrC
Philadelphia.1998.voc.3hr
VOC
8
10
10
Retain speciation at Camden
Philadelphia.1998.voc.3hr
Includes data from 6/1/1998 to 8/31/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 4 to 7.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
21
Maximum Ozone Sites (Type 3)


Principal uses of data: track trends in ozone and
precursors, study photochemistry, assess transport,
Data analyses focus on afternoon concentrations and
ratios
22
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
B
e
n-P uten
Iso enta e
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2- ente e
ne
P
c
3-M is-2- ente
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
ep e
t
n-O ane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
nt
2-M Dime Isop ane
t
2,4 ethy hylb rene
-D l-1 uta
i m -P
eth en ne
ylp ten
C
2,2 3 ycl enta e
,4- -Me ohe ne
2,3 Tri thy xa
,4- me lhe ne
Tri thy xa
m
lp
ne
3 ethy ent
Me -Met lpen ane
h
Me thylc ylhe tane
thy yclo pta
lcy he ne
2-M clop xan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
eth ute
2
2,3 Me ylb ne
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un enta
eth dec ne
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
T
Eth o ene
1,3
ylb luen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
z
,4- me o-X ene
Tri thy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thyl nze
b
n
Iso ropy enze e
pro lbe ne
n
p
z
o-E ylbe ene
n
m- thylt zene
Et olu
en
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylt
n
o
t
h
l
p-d yl ue e
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
NewBrunswick.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 14 to 18.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
Median [ppbC]
4
VOC
4
r2=0.66 (0.87)
slope=0.47 (0.81)
int.=0.1 (-0.01)
3
5
5
6
6
Drop speciation at Rider College
NewBrunswick.1999.voc.1hr
ridercollege.1999.voc.1hr
ridercollege.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 8/31/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 14 to 18.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
23
0.0
Kittery.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 9/7/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 13 to 17.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.5
VOC
2.5
r2=0.95 (0.90)
slope=0.65 (0.92)
int.=0.16 (0.12)
2.0
3.0
3.0
Kittery.1999.voc.1hr
Newbury.1999.voc.1hr
0.0
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
B
e
n-P uten
e
n
Iso ta e
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2- ente e
ne
P
c
3-M is-2- ente
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
ep e
n-O tane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
nt
2-M Dime Isop ane
t
e
h
2,4 thy ylb rene
-D l-1 uta
im -P
eth en ne
ylp ten
C
2,2 3 ycl enta e
,4- -Me ohe ne
2,3 Tri thy xa
,4- me lhe ne
Tri thy xa
m
lp
ne
3 eth ent
Me -Met ylpen ane
h
Me thylc ylhe tane
thy yclo pta
lcy he ne
2-M clop xan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
1
im -B ane
eth ute
2
2,3 Me ylb ne
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un enta
eth dec ne
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
Eth To ene
1,3
ylb luen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
m
o zen
,4Tri ethy -Xyle e
m
lb
n
n-P ethyl enze e
be ne
r
o
n
Iso py
pro lbe zene
nz
p
o-E ylbe ene
n
m- thylt zene
Et olu
en
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylt
n
o
t
p-d hyl lue e
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
z
lbe ene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Median [ppbC]
3.5
3.5
Drop speciation at Kittery or
Newbury?
Newbury.1999.voc.1hr
Includes data from 6/1/1999 to 8/31/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 13 to 17.
Flag(s) excluded: ..7...
24
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
e
B
n-P uten
e
Iso enta
pe ne
n
tra 1-P tan
ns
-2 ent e
c -P ene
3-M is-2- enten
eth Pen e
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
ep e
n-O tane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
n
2,4 -Dim Iso tane
-D eth pre
im
y
eth lbu ne
ylp tan
e
C
2,2 3- yclo enta
,4- Me he ne
2,3 Tri thy xa
,4- me lhe ne
Tri thy xa
ne
m
lp
3- ethy enta
Me Meth lpen ne
t
Me thylc ylhep ane
thy yclo tan
lc
h
e
2-Myclop exan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
u
e
2
t
h
2,3 -Me ylb tene
-D thy uta
im
l
p
eth en ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un entan
eth dec e
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
T
Eth ol ene
1,3
ylb uen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
z
,4- me o-X ene
Tri thy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thyl nze
n
b
Iso ropy enze e
pro lbe ne
py nze
o-E lben ne
m- thylto zene
Et
lue
n
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylto ne
t
p-d hyl lue
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
e
eth Sty ne
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Aldino.1999.voc.3hr
Includes data from 6/2/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 12 to 16.
No flags excluded.
0
0
1
1
2
2
Median [ppbC]
3
r2=0.92 (0.92)
slope=1.26 (1.1)
int.=0.0 (0.02)
VOC
3
4
4
Drop speciation at Aldino
Aldino.1999.voc.3hr
FortMeade.1999.voc.3hr
FortMeade.1999.voc.3hr
Includes data from 6/2/1999 to 9/30/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 12 to 16.
No flags excluded.
25
Et
Eth hane
y
Pr lene
Pro opan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
n-B lene
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
e
B
n-P uten
e
Iso enta
pe ne
n
t
1
tra
a
ns -Pen ne
-2
t
cis -Pen ene
3-M -2te
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
en e
n-H tan
e
n-H exan
ep e
n-O tane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
n
2,4 -Dim Iso tane
-D eth pre
im
eth ylbu ne
ylp tan
e
C
2,2 3- yclo enta
M
,4
h ne
2,3 -Tri ethy exa
,4- me lhe ne
Tri thy xa
ne
m
lp
3- ethy enta
Me Meth lpen ne
t
Me thylc ylhep ane
thy yclo tan
lcy he e
2-M clop xan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
eth ute
2
2,3 Me ylb ne
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
e
2-M n-Un entan
eth dec e
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
Eth Tol ene
1,3
ylb uen
,5en e
1,2 Tri
z
,4- me o-X ene
Tri thy yle
me lbe ne
n-P thyl nze
n
b
Iso ropy enze e
pro lbe ne
nz
p
o-E ylben ene
m- thylto zene
Et
lue
n
p hy
m- -Eth ltolue e
die ylto ne
p-d thyl lue
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
e
eth Sty ne
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Borderland.1998.voc.3hr
Includes data from 6/1/1998 to 8/30/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 15 to 15.
No flags excluded.
0
0
1
1
2
2
Median [ppbC]
3
r2=0.71 (0.87)
slope=0.58 (0.84)
int.=0.05 (0.04)
VOC
3
4
4
Investigate Borderland
Borderland.1998.voc.3hr
Newbury.1998.voc.3hrC
Newbury.1998.voc.3hrC
Includes data from 6/2/1998 to 9/30/1998.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 15 to 15.
No flags excluded.
26
Et
Eth hane
y
Pro lene
Pro pan
e
p
Ac ylen
ety e
l
e
n-B ne
u
tra Isob tane
ns
-2- utan
cis Bu e
-2- ten
B
e
n-P uten
Iso enta e
pe ne
tra 1-P ntan
ns
-2- ente e
P
n
c
3-M is-2- ente e
eth Pen ne
ylp ten
e
e
n-H ntan
e
n-H exan
e
e
n-Optane
n-N ctan
on e
Cy n-De ane
clo ca
pe ne
2,2
n
-D
im Iso tane
eth pre
ylb ne
2-M
u
2,4 ethy 1-h tane
-D l-1 exe
i m -P
eth en ne
ylp ten
2,2 3 Cycl enta e
,4- -Me ohe ne
2,3 Tri th
x
,4- me ylhe ane
Tri thy xa
me lpe ne
nt
3 th
Me -Met ylpen ane
h
Me thylc ylhe tane
thy ycl pta
lc oh ne
2-Myclop exan
eth ent e
ylh ane
2,3
ex
-D
im 1-B ane
e
u
2,3 2-Me thylb tene
-D thy uta
im
eth lpen ne
ylp tan
2-M n-U enta e
eth ndec ne
ylh an
m/ epta e
p-X ne
y
Be lene
nz
e
T
E
o
thy lu ne
1,3
lbe ene
,5n
1,2 Tri
,4- me o-X zene
Tri thy yl
me lbe ene
n-P thyl nze
b
Iso ropy enz ne
pro lbe ene
n
p
o-E ylbe zene
n
m- thylt zene
Et olu
en
p hy
m- -Eth ltolu e
die ylt ene
p-d thyl olue
iet ben ne
hy
1,2
lbe zene
,3nz
trim
eth Sty ene
ylb ren
en e
ze
ne
Agawam.1999.voc.3hr
Includes data from 6/3/1999 to 7/7/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 12 to 17.
No flags excluded.
0
0
2
2
4
Median [ppbC]
6
VOC
6
r2=0.74 (0.83)
slope=1.28 (0.71)
int.=-0.2 (-0.02)
4
8
8
Drop speciation at Agawam
Agawam.1999.voc.3hr
Stafford.1999.voc.3hrC
Stafford.1999.voc.3hrC
Includes data from 6/2/1999 to 7/7/1999.
No time period excluded.
Includes hours of day from 11 to 17.
No flags excluded.
27
Modify W. Greenwich

This site fills a spatial gap, the composition is
aged, shows little change with time of day,
isoprene is dominant, and concentrations are
low. However, the unidentified is more than
60%:



Retain speciation but expand the species list to
reduce the unidentified. Consider reducing sample
frequency to every 6th day. Or
Drop speciation and employ continuous NMHC
monitor (with sufficient DL).
(High unidentified also at Philadelphia, Fort
Meade, Bronx, and Queens)
28
Drop speciation at or modify Truro

Concentrations are low and
measurements are infrequent compared
to Cape Elizabeth or Acadia:



Drop speciation or
Sample on an episodic basis or
Sample on a reduced schedule
29
Modify Ware

Biogenic-dominated site. The
interpretation of chromatograms is
difficult.



Change to canister collection
Investigate broader range of species,
particularly biogenics
Move auto-GC to Borderland for
investigation of possible source(s)?
30
Add CO to selected sites

Add
sufficiently
resolved CO
to type 2
sites
Site
Hamden, CT
E. Hartford, CT
McMillan Reservoir, DC
Essex, MD
Living Classroom or Clifton
Park, MD
Lynn, MA
Chicopee, MA
Camden, NJ
Bronx Botanical Gardens, NY
Queens Com. College, NY
Philadelphia, PA
E. Providence, RI
Lee District School, VA
PAMS
a
Site Type
2A
2
2
2
CO
Add
Add
Add
2A
2
2
2A
2
2A
2
2
2A
Add
Add
Exists
Exists
Exists
Add
Add
Add
31
Add CO to selected sites

Consider
adding
high
resolution
CO to
selected
non-urban
sites
PAMS
a
Site Type
Stafford, CT
3
Sherwood Island, CT
1/3
Lums Pond, DE
1/4
Cape Eliz., ME
4
Acadia Nat'l Park, ME
4
Aldino, MD
3
Fort Meade, MD
1/3
Borderland (Easton), MA
1/3
Newbury, MA
3
Kittery, ME
“3”
Ware (Quabbin Summit), MA
3
Agawam, MA
1
Truro, MA
4
Brentwood, NH
1
Rider College, NJ
3
New Brunswick, NJ
“3”
Arendstville, PA
“1/4”
W. Greenwich, RI
1
Corbin, VA
1/4
Site
CO
Add?
Add
Add?
Add?
Add
Add?
Add?
Add?
Add
Add
Add
32
NOx and NOy




The current NOx monitors are adequate for the urban sites (Type
2 and 2A)
Use NOy monitors at the non-urban sites, as these monitors more
accurately reflect concentrations of the nitrogen species including
nitric acid and PAN.
If NOy measurements are added, maintain a conventional NOx
measurement at all sites that currently have them during the first
year to facilitate comparison between NOy and NOx data.
Consider adding NOx and/or NOy monitors within each of the
PAMS metropolitan areas, at three to six downwind suburban or
rural compliance monitoring locations where ozone is presently
measured to improve the delineation of the transition from urban,
VOC-limited to NOx-limited regions.
33
Should some hydrocarbons be added
or discontinued?



Reduce peak misidentification of toluene,
i-pentane, isoprene, and 1,2,4trimethylbenzene
Report lump sum of 2,3-dimethylbutane,
2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane;
m-ethyltoluene and p-ethyltoluene; mdiethylbenzene and p-diethylbenzene
Add 1,3-butadiene and MTBE
34
Should averaging times be
changed? (Time series view)
35
Should averaging times be
changed? (Average Diurnal View)
Toluene
36
How many samples are required?
Bronx
37
Box Plot Summary
300
20
15
200
Data with in 3*IR
10
Whisker
Data within 1.5*IR
Measure
Measure
Ou tliers
Outliers
Whisker
95 % C.I.
100
5
0
Notch
around
median
75t h percen tile
Bo x
(Inte rq uartile
ran ge)
Median
25t h percen tile
0
Parameter
Trial
Median
95 % C.I.
ZN
Trial
38
More than 25 samples needed to:
40
15
30
10
TOLU

Evaluate day-of-week
patterns
Evaluate emission
inventories
Evaluate ozone
episodes
Perform receptor
modeling
BENZ

20
5

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
DOW
6
7
0
0
8
1
4
5
DOW
6
7
8
Fort Meade
Toluene (ppbC)
Every third day,
morning
89
7
8
7
6
44
6
55
3
10
3
10
TOLU
20
2
11
3
2
1
Mon.
XB
XYLENES
BENZ
30
20
10
4

McMillan
Toluene (ppbC)
Daily, morning
3
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
DOW
4
5
DOW
6
6
7
7
8
8
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
Mon.
1
2
3
4
5
DOW
4
5
DOW
6
6
7
7
8
8
39
Can NMHC be used instead of
speciation?


Continuous (1-hr) measure of NMHC
issues: costs, comparability, detection
limits
Possible sites:


Type 2A Clifton Park, Bronx or Queens
Little diurnal variation - W. Greenwich
40
Carbonyl Measurements




FORM
assessing trends
applying and evaluating
models
studying ozone formation
characterizing transport
supporting the toxics
program
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
DOW
6
7
8
Chicopee
21.0
17.5
20
14.0
15
10.5
CROTAL

10
FORM
Carbonyl data are used
for
ACET

Bronx 1998
15
7.0
10
3.5
5
0.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
YEAR
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
DOW
6
7
8
41
What carbonyl species to measure?

Analyze entire suite of compounds in the
cartridges (formaldehyde to
tolualdehyde)



Include MVK and methacrolein (isoprene
break down products)
At urban sites, focus on formaldehyde
Install continuous formaldehyde at at
least one urban and one downwind site
for evaluation
42
Carbonyl Measurements

Scenario 1: retain every third day
collection for 3-hr samples and 24-hr
every 6th day for toxics



Reduce number of samples at Type 2 sites
from 8 daily to 2 per day
Do not collect carbonyl samples at Type 2A
sites
Add 2 3-hr samples at selected downwind
sites (use stepwise process to evaluate
data)
43
Carbonyl Measurements

Scenario 2: retain the 24-hr cartridges
and switch to continuous formaldehyde


Add systems to selected Type 2 and
downwind sites
Augment downwind sites with occasional
3-hr cartridges, at least 2 samples per day,
entire suite of species
44
Year-round sampling?



Primary data uses include annual trends,
seasonal concentrations, support toxics
program
Also - quality assurance, model evaluation,
exposure assessment, support PM program
Toxics species in the PAMS target list benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes,
styrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
(1,3-butadiene?)
45
PAMS may be a suitable surrogate for
annual 24-hr concentrations
r2=0.93
slope=1.10
int.=-0.06
46
Recommendations


For year-round 24-hr samples at PAMS sites, work with
the toxics community to assess if the morning PAMS
data are a reasonable surrogate for the year-round
samples. Or consider expanding the canister analysis
to include more toxic compounds.
At sites that report only the PAMS target species (on
an annual basis), either



Continue to collect the 24-hr samples on a 1-in-6 day
schedule but expand the list of species to include carbonyls
and toxic compounds, or
Reduce the number of 24-hr samples collected (e.g., to a 1-in12 schedule to use for quality assurance purposes).
For summer only 24-hr samples, drop 24-hr canisters.
47
Surface Meteorology





Collocated data
Metadjustments for
trends
Emission
inventory
Source
apportionment
Model
evaluation
Lums Pond
Propene
Propane


Wind speed, wind direction,
temperature
Measure of solar radiation
48
How to optimize PAMS upper-air
measurements?

Upper-air data are critical for




Supporting trajectory analyses
Identifying key meteorological phenomena
conducive to ozone formation and transport
(nocturnal jet, mixing height evolution,
recirculation, sea breeze development)
Supporting model evaluation (wind field
development)
Supporting forecasting
49
How to optimize PAMS upper-air
measurements?





Continue upper-air measurements and strive to
increase the utility of the data
Document sites
Take regional approach to validation, data
access, and analysis tool development
Ensure archival of both consensus and
moments data from LAP/RASS
Get data into AIRS or regional database for
easier dissemination among states
50
Additional Recommendations
Forthcoming





Which parameters and sites help forecast
episodes?
Which parameters and sites best track
transport?
Which parameters and sites are best for
modeling ozone formation and transport?
What data are relevant to PM/regional haze
studies, acid deposition, and the SIP call?
Year-round VOC issues, continuous NMHC
information, NOy site recommendations, tenax,
aethelometers, etc.
51