Transcript tilly-castaneda-2007.. - Social Science Research Council

Slides for Sociology W3480: Extra Lecture
Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics
Columbia College
Spring 2007
Prepared by
Charles Tilly and
Ernesto Castañeda
send questions to
[email protected]
Extra lecture:
What Happened in Oaxaca?
Triangulating Outside Witness Accounts
to Analyze the Contentious Politics
in Oaxaca, Mexico
Nayeli Chavez-Geller, UNIVISION
Rene Ramos, MPA Student SIPA Columbia
Ivania de la Cruz Orozco, MPA Student SIPA Columbia
Manuela Garza, The New School and Fundación Comunitaria Oaxaca
Ernesto Castañeda-Tinoco, PhD Student Department of Sociology, Columbia
Leslie A. Martino, PhD Student, Department of Sociology, CUNY, The Graduate Center
Thursday April 12th, 2007
.
Organized by
Mexican Initiative
Co-sponsored by the
Institute of Latin American Studies, LASA-SIPA, and ALAS-TC.
Brief overview on
Oaxaca

Completion rate of primary
education below 88%

Less than 87% of women assisted
by a doctor during labor

Infant mortality rate is above 30/1000 births

30% of the population lack access to running water

40% of the population live in houses with no sewage

7% of the population live in houses with no electricity

There have been no Governors from opposition parties thus far
Sources:
-
Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en México: Informe de Avance 2006
Map: http://oaxaca-travel.com
INEGI
Chronology Oaxaca 2006
• May 22:
– Primary and Secondary school teachers from all over the state arrive to Oaxaca City to
ask for wage increases (as they often do year after year)
– State Governor offers only a third of what they ask for
– Teachers block the access to government buildings, stores, gas stations, airport and
main entrances to the city
• June 14:
– Governor withdraws offer and attempts to end the strike by using public force
– The attack fails and professors are joined by NGOs and other social actors
– Creation of the APPO
• July:
– PRI loses 9 out of 11 National Congress positions to the PRD
– Implications: budget negotiations and political control
• October 27:
– At least 3 people are killed during a shooting, including journalist Bradley Roland Will
• October 29-30:
– Federal Police enters Oaxaca City
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
What Happened in Oaxaca?
Triangulating Outside Witness Accounts to
Analyze the Contentious Politics in
Oaxaca, Mexico
Ernesto Castañeda
Before
Police Repression of June 14th
Mobilized Teachers Watching the World Cup
Photos by Ernesto Castañeda June 10-18th, 2006
Teachers in the Public Plaza
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
During Police Repression
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
11
Source: http://www.asambleapopulardeoaxaca.com/
Source: http://www.asambleapopulardeoaxaca.com/
After
Police Repression
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Escalation of Demands and Polarization
Increase in political gratifies across the city
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Social Situation in Oaxaca
• Important state/society divide.
• Previous patronage and corporative relations
disrupted.
• Generalized discontent among organized groups.
• Growing polarization between mobilized citizens, and
small business owners, tourism workers and nonmobilized citizens.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
APPO’s Programmatic Goals
•
•
•
•
Scholarships,
Better school infrastructure,
Salary increases
The resignation of the governor Ulises Ruiz so, as in the
18th century, the main target is not an abstract state
but a concrete figure who is supposed to hold power
(Tilly 2005, Foucault 1975).
APPO’s self-declared goals also include:
• a real democratic system, and
• ideological elements such as the struggle against
capitalism, imperialism and fascism.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
APPO Repertoire
•
•
•
•
•
Extended sit-ins and camping downtown.
Marches, demonstrations, and rallies.
Pamphlets, flyers, radio programs, CDs.
Members generally unarmed.
Few violent attacks against state agents except for
self-defense.
• No civilian targets.
• Have set fire to police vehicles and have entered
public and private buildings that represent state
power or large capital.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Photos NYT.
Revolutionary Situation in Oaxaca?
1) contenders or coalitions of contenders advancing exclusive
competing claims to control of the state or some segment of it:
mobilization process.
–
YES (to an extent but later divisions would appear and most are for
conducting changes through conventional electoral politics)
2) commitment to those claims by a significant segment of the
citizenry: mobilization plus diffusion
–
YES within APPO but important opposition by other civil society groups
specially small businesses and tourism industry would appear
3) incapacity or unwillingness of rulers to suppress the
alternative coalition and/or commitment to its claims: ruler-subject
interaction
–
No. As of 2008 they have been able to placate the movement and the
Governor still holds his post.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Revolutionary Outcomes
(Table 7-2 Tilly 2006. Regimes and Repertoires.)
1)
2)
3)
4)
defections of regime members
acquisition of armed force by revolutionary coalitions
neutralization or defection of the regime’s armed force
control of the state apparatus by members of
revolutionary coalition
5) transfer of state power to new ruling coalition.
So far for Oaxaca the answer to these questions is NO
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Anti-APPO
mobilizations
Source: “El Imparcial”
References and sources:
•
•
•
•
Michel Foucault. Discipline & Punish. 1975.
Charles Tilly. 2004. Social Movements. Paradigm.
Charles Tilly. 2005. Popular Contention in Great Britain.
Charles Tilly and Sidney Tarrow. 2007. Contentious Politics.
Paradigm.
• Charles Tilly. 2006. Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
• Charles Tilly. 2007. Democracy. Cambridge.
•
•
•
•
•
http://web.media.mit.edu/~andresmh/oaxaca/
http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/bradleywill/archive.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_JQfGfLEU8
http://www.narconews.com/otroperiodismo/oaxaca/en.html
http://zapagringo.blogspot.com/2006/10/q-with-appo-spokesperson.html