Transcript Healthcare - Westminster Kingsway College

HEALTHCARE
Halima Begum
Aim
•To have an overview of the structure of health
care in the UK
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to:
Explain what is healthcare
 Identify features of healthcare models
 Present healthcare models
Healthcare- Task 1
Explain what do you think healthcare means.
 A preventive measure or medical procedures to improve a
person’s wellbeing.
How do you think this is delivered?
 Delivered through healthcare systems.
The health care delivery system.docx
Health Care Systems
Why do you think health care systems are needed?
A health care system is constructed for three reasons:
• Maintain the health of the community
• Provide services to the sick and wounded
• Help curb the costs of expensive medical bills
Models of Health - Task 2
Do you know of any models of health?
What are they?
Currently, we recognize four different types of health care
systems. Some countries base their system upon one model
while others choose a combination. The choices they have to
choose from include:
The Beveridge Model
The Bismark Model
The National Health Insurance Model
The Out-of-Pocket Model.
Group work
In groups, identify features of each
model and note the advantages or
disadvantages of each model
The Beveridge Model
The Beveridge Model was created by social reformer, William
Beveridge, who designed Britain's National Health System.
With this model, the government is responsible for financing
and providing health care through taxes.
This means that if you are a British citizen and you need to
see a doctor for some reason, you won't receive a bill. The
reason behind this is that most doctors are government
employees. Even the few doctors that are privately owned
still collect their payments from the government.
The Bismarck Model
The Bismarck Model was named after the Prussian
Chancellor, Otto von Bismark, who implemented it
during the unification of Germany.
 The system uses private insurance agencies also
known as sickness funds. They are run as nonprofits and are required to accept all citizens
without discrimination. As a result, even though
both employees and employers are contributing to
an insurance policy, the insurance company is not
benefiting financially.
The National Health Insurance Model
The National Health Insurance model places a foot in both the Bismarck and
Beveridge camps. Like the Bismarck Model, it is insurance-based; like Beveridge, it
is single payer. The most familiar application of National Health Insurance to
Americans is Medicare: Employer-employee contributions are used by the federal
government as an insurance fund. The government in turn pays private providers.
That's the essence of the NHI model.
 As the government is the sole payer, it can exert tremendous bargaining
influence on the prices of medical services and drugs. That's why Canada -- whose
Medicare system is the most well-known version of NHI -- has cheap drug prices
that lure Americans north of the border even though it is illegal to purchase
prescription medication abroad. NHI countries generally control costs by limiting
the services they will pay for and by limiting the availability of certain services,
thus creating the lengthy waits for non-acute secondary care.
 Therein, lies the essential tradeoffs of the NHI model; to achieve universal
coverage with cost controls, the government
 strongly influences prices and therefore provider compensation
 limits the services covered by the national insurance
 limits the volume of selected services and procedures
Besides Canada, Australia, South Korea, and Taiwan have adopted the National
Health Insurance model.
The Out-of-Pocket Model
Only the developed, industrialised countries -- perhaps 40 of the world's 200 countries -have established health care systems. Most of the nations on the planet are too poor and
too disorganized to provide any kind of mass medical care. The basic rule in such countries
is that the rich get medical care; the poor stay sick or die.
In rural regions of Africa, India, China and South America, hundreds of millions of people go
their whole lives without ever seeing a doctor. They may have access, though, to a village
healer using home-brewed remedies that may or not be effective against disease.
In the poor world, patients can sometimes scratch together enough money to pay a doctor
bill; otherwise, they pay in potatoes or goat's milk or child care or whatever else they may
have to give. If they have nothing, they don't get medical care.
These four models should be fairly easy for Americans to understand because we have
elements of all of them in our fragmented national health care apparatus. When it comes to
treating veterans, we're Britain or Cuba. For Americans over the age of 65 on Medicare,
we're Canada. For working Americans who get insurance on the job, we're Germany .
For the 15 percent of the population who have no health insurance, the United States is
Cambodia or Burkina Faso or rural India, with access to a doctor available if you can pay the
bill out-of-pocket at the time of treatment or if you're sick enough to be admitted to the
emergency ward at the public hospital.
The United States is unlike every other country because it maintains so many separate
systems for separate classes of people. All the other countries have settled on one model
for everybody. This is much simpler than the U.S. system; it's fairer and cheaper, too.