Transcript Information Processing and Skilled Behavior

Information Processing and
Skilled Behavior
Overview of GOMS
• GOMS
– Is a method for describing a task and user’s knowledge of
how to perform the task in the terms of Goals, Operators,
Methods, and Selection rules.(Goals are defined in Layman’s
language.
– Applies to situations in which users will be expected to
perform tasks that have already mastered.
– Shown to be valid in single-user, active systems, where the
system changes in unexpected ways or other people
participate in accomplishing the task.
– Can be used both quantitatively and qualitatively.
– Are a mixture of several types: task-analysis techniques from
the human factors and system design literature, models of
human performance on specific tasks, computational models
of human cognitive architecture, and loosely defined
concepts about human cognition and information processing.
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Conceptual Frameworks
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Shown are all based on a general assertion that human
cognition and behavior is usefully analyzed in terms of
stages.
The cognitive process that manipulates information in often
described as search through a problem space. A problem
space is defined by a set of possible states, which include
the information available to cognition internally or in the
word.
Computational Cognitive Architectures
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How to represent human information processing in terms
explicit enough to run as a computer program.
• Task-Analysis Techniques
– First restriction: The task in question must be usefully
analyzed in terms of the “how-to-do-it” or procedural
knowledge required rather than other aspects of knowledge
about system, like mental simulations of an internalized
device model, or analogical reasoning.
– Second one: The GOMS family can represent only skilled
behavior, which consists of procedural knowledge that may
originally derive from problem-solving activity, or from
instruction, but with practice has taken the form of a
routinely invocable sequence of activities that accomplishes
the goals.
– Third one: All GOMS analysis techniques, the designer or
analyst must start with a list of top-level tasks or user goals.
Detailed Description of GOMS Models
• KLM
– KLM doesn’t discussed later predict the mothod given the
task situation and the knowledge of methods and selection
rules.
– Include six types of operators: K, P, H, D, M, R
– Allows a rapid estimate of execution time with an absolute
minimum of theoretical and conceptual baggage.
• CMN-GOMS
– There is a strict goal hierarchy, operators are executed in
strict sequential order, and methods are represented in an
informal pseudo-code-like notation that can include
submethods and conditionals.
– Is in program form, unlike KLM.
• CPM-GOMS (Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor)
– A version of GOMS based directly on the MHP, and thus on
the parallel multiprocessor stage model of human
information processing.
– Several goals can be active at one time in CPM-GOMS.
– Allows one to represent the overlapping and extremely
effcient pattern of activity characteristic of expert
performance in a task.