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Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 1 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 2 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 3 Canada and Northern California Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 4 “Circumpacific Ring of Fire” – this is another fancy name for the plate boundaries. This is because most of the world’s earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formations are on plate boundaries. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 5 There are three major lines of evidence that show that the continents were once all attached. 1. The outlines of the continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces. Look at North America, South America, and Africa. 2. Rocks on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean match up in terms of type, sequence, and age. 3. Fossils of the same species of plants and animals are found on continents that are widely separated by oceans. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 6 Caused by compressional forces Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 7 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 8 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 9 TILTING The rock layers are slanted because of tectonic forces. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 10 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 11 The Oceanic Crust subsides under the Continental Crust because it is thinner and more dense. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 12 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 13 North American Plate Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science Eurasian Plate 14 Divergent Plate Boundary Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift System Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 15 Tectonic plates are sliding past each other. Western California is moving north-west, not into the Pacific Ocean. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 16 Fault Line What type of fault is this? Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 17 Black Smoker Black Smokers are chimney-like structures made up of sulfur-bearing minerals or sulfides, that come from beneath Earth's crust. They form when hot (roughly 350C), mineralrich water flows out onto the ocean floor through the volcanic lava on a mid-ocean ridge volcano. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 18 Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 19 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 20 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 21 Tsunamis are primarily associated with earthquakes in oceanic and coastal regions. Landslides, volcanic eruptions, nuclear explosions, and even impacts of objects from outer space (such as meteorites, asteroids, and comets) can also generate tsunamis. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 22 The phenomenon we call a tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a series of waves of extremely long wavelength and long period generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces the water. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 23 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 24 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 25 Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking. This occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 26 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 27 Island chains are formed when sections of the crust move over Hot Spots. I Hot spots are areas within the crust, not anywhere near plate boundaries, where lava rises through the crust. Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 28 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 29 Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 30