投影片 1 - 臺大開放式課程 (NTU OpenCourseWare)

Transcript 投影片 1 - 臺大開放式課程 (NTU OpenCourseWare)

西方文明史
第十講：英格蘭的共同法、大憲章與國會
劉慧
教授
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示
－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】
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The Roman Period 43-410
Anglo-Saxon c.450-1066
Norman 1066-1154
Plantagenet
– Angevin 1154-1399
– Lancastrian 1399-1461
– Yorkist 1461-1485
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Tudor 1485-1603
Stuart 1603-1714
Hanoverian 1714-1901
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha/ Windsor 1901-
Britain/ England, 5th c-13th c
• The British Isles, Britons
• Roman period 43-410
1. Anglo-Saxon period 410-1066
– 1.1 5-6th c: the settlement
– 1.2 7-8th c: the Anglo-Saxons Christianized
– 1.3 9-11th c: the Vikings, the Wessex dynasty
2.
Norman Dynasty 1066-1154
– 2.1 William I, the Conqueror 1066-1087
– 2.2 Henry I, 1100-1135
3.
Scotland
NORTHERN
IRELAND
IRELAND
Angevin Dynasty 1154-1399
– 3.1 Henry II, 1154-1189
– 3.2 John 1199-1216
WALES
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U.K.
1.1 5-6th c: the settlement
• C.407 Roman troops withdrew from Britain,
leaving the Roman-Britons to fend for themselves
• C.450- settlement of people from Denmark,
Germany, the lower Rhine
– later known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes
• C. 500 Ambrosius Aurelianus – uneasy stability
• C. 550-650 Anglo-Saxon advance
• Cultural changes
– Pottery; architecture
– Language, writing, religion
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Gaulish red slip pottery bowl
Roman, AD 20-40
Made at La Graufesenque,
near southern France
Anglo-Saxon pottery, made between AD 500
and 700.
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• Simpler economic system
• Sutton Hoo, Suffolk
– Ship-burial of Raedwald, king of East Anglia?
– grave-goods in Mound 1 (c.630)
• Continental contacts (39 Frankish coins)
• Warrior; regalia
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1.2 7-8th c: the Anglo-Saxons Christianized
• Pope Gregory I (590-604), Angles and
angels; St Augustine
– Inherent attraction of the faith
– Connection with the wider world and older
civilizations
– Aid for ruling
• organisation, universality, and the power of the
written word
– E.g. Ethelbert’s Code written in Old English
(church liturgy in Latin)
• Larger, more stable kingdoms
c. 800
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Old English
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So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by
and the kings who ruled them had courage and
greatness.
We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns.
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1.3 9-11th c: the Vikings; political unification
under the Wessex dynasty
• 793- Viking coastal raids;
865- full scale invasions and settlements
– Northumbria (867), East Anglia (869),
Mercia (873)
– Danelaw
• Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871-899)
– And son and daughter; ‘burhs’
– Shires (counties) and hundreds
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– Alfred the Great’s navy and cultural achievement
• translated Latin works into Old English, e.g. Gregory’s Pastoral Care
• the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: copied and sent out; aestels
• Ideological counter attack: Christian warfare against pagans
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• Further invasions late 10th-early 11thc, mid 11th c
– Ethelred ‘the Unready’ (978-1016) and danegeld
– 1016-42 Canute and sons
– 1042-66 Edward ‘the Confessor’
• Exiled in Normandy in his youth
• With the powerful Godwin family
– Jan-Oct 1066 Harold earl of Wessex as king of England
– 4 Oct 1066 battle of Hastings William duke of Normandy defeated Harold
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Norman knights supported by
archers
attack the English at the Battle
of Hastings
50 cm * 70 m
Workmen build the mound for
the castle at Hastings. Detail of
the Bayeux Tapestry
William with Odo of
Bayeux and Robert of
Mortain.
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2.1 William I, the Conqueror 1066-1087
• Duke of Normandy
• Dominance of French culture: language, architecture etc
• Preserved English laws and customs – Anglo-Saxon
traditions of strong monarchy
– Shires, sheriffs
– General allegiance to the crown
– Pleas of the crown
• Domesday Book 1086
• The king’s land-grants created a
new aristocracy
– 4000 thegns were replaced by
200 barons
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• William I
– Giving out scattered estates to tenants-in-chief, retaining extensive
royal demesne
– Built royal castles. Private castles required a licence
• Henry I’s clerks first attempted to define more exactly services
owed by tenants-in-chief
• Household knights and mercenaries
• ‘Feudalism’ as a system of landholding and revenue raising
– Feudal obligations and feudal incidents gradually crystallized during
the 12th c (scutage, aids; relief, wardship etc)
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William II, Rufus, 1087-1100
• Succession rule still flexible
• Robert Curthose
– Crusade 1096-1100:
pawned Normandy to brother WR
• Death of William Rufus
– Coronation oath of Henry I
• Battle of Tinchebray 1106
– Robert remained prisoner of Henry
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The Palace of
Westminster
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2.2 Henry I, 1100-1135
• Royal administration: the Exchequer
– Twice-a-year audits of the sheriffs’ accounts
• profits from royal manors, debts owed the king
– as vice-regal committee, headed by the ‘justiciar’ Roger of Salisbury
– The Pipe Rolls
• Royal legal jurisdiction: itinerant judges
• Succession problem: the White Ship 1120
– The Empress Matilda (m. Henry V 1106-25)
• Married Count Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou 1127
• General oath to uphold succession. Quarrel with father
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Stephen’s ‘Anarchy’ 1135-1154
• Geoffrey Plantagenet took Normandy 1144
• Treaty of Westminster
between Henry Plantagenet
and Stephen, Dec 1153
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3.1 Henry II, 1154-1189
• The Angevins (Plantagenets)
• The Angevin empire
– Duchy of Normandy,
county of Maine, county of Anjou,
– Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Poitou, Gascony
• Common law
– the royal law common to the
whole country
– Lawsuits were initiated by writs
– Neighbours empanelled as jury
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Changes in the judicial system and the
method of proof
• Justices in eyre
• Civil cases: jurors acted like witnesses
– jury of 12 freemen to decide disputes about recent possession,
in claims of inheritance (mort d’ancestor) and unlawful seizure
(novel disseisin)
• Criminal cases: before royal judges, jurors named those of
their neighbours whom they suspected of murder,
robbery or other serious offences
– most of the accused were never caught
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• Ordeal, jury and ‘community action’
• 12th-c new habit of mind
• Men came to doubt the efficiency of judgement by ordeal
– This suggests NOT a lack of belief in the existence of a
supernatural order, but RATHER a symptom of a more refined
spirituality which found something crude in the constant and
automatic appeal to the supernatural in earthly matters
1. Study of Roman Law since the late 11th c opened men’s
eyes to the existence of an elaborate system of purely
human proof
2. Structure of society
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Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, 1189-1199
• The Angevin Empire
Nemesis Philip Augustus (1180-1223)
• Crusade
– Took the cross 1187
– 1190-92-94
– Robin Hood and problems
on the Continent
• Taxes continued to pour in:
government machinery
effective
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3.2 John, 1199-1216
• 1202 Continental dominions forfeited
– Isabel of Angoulême
– Allies. 1214 Battle of Bouvines
– Allegiance of the nobility
• Revenues
– John’s ‘devious methods’
– Land, lordship, jurisdiction, taxation
• Record keeping
• 1215: a new kind of focus for revolt:
a reform programme
– Magna Carta (the Great Charter): towards
constitutional monarchy
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– Means of buying time/ unsuccessful
peace treaty
• In the form of a free grant of
concessions
• Though in fact John was coerced
– Five main areas
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The church,
the barons’ financial concerns,
royal courts and the exchequer,
the security clauses,
general principles (39, 12+14)
– 1216, 1217, 1225 and later
confirmations to 1416
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– 17th c: Edward Coke and the Stuart absolutism
– 18th c: natural law
– Early 20th c: Magna Carta as a feudal, reactionary document
• But, liberties extended to all Englishmen,
• contract principle from lord-vassal relationship to ruler-subject
relationship: king subject to law
– Cornerstone of the British constitution, source of people’s liberties
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版權聲明
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_II_of_England.jpeg)，
2012.05.20 visited.
2
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_-Golden_Jubilee_-3a_cropped.JPG)，
2012.05.20 visited.
2
《羅賓漢》，主演：羅素克洛、凱特布蘭琪，發行：環球影片，2010 年 11 月 12 日。
博客來(http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/dvd/dvdfile.php?item=D020033801)，
2012.06.01 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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《Braveheart》， Mel Gibson (Director)，August 29, 2000。
Amazon(http://www.amazon.com/Braveheart-Mel-Gibson/dp/B00003CX95)，
2012.06.01 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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This Fragile Tent
(http://thisfragiletent.wordpress.com/2010/06/03/the-face-of-jesus/)，
2012.05.20 visited.
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頁碼
作品
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Freeman-pedia
(http://freeman-pedia.wikispaces.com/World+History+I+SOLs)，
2012.05.20 visited.
3
Wiki Voyage / Paul
(http://www.wikivoyage.org/it/Immagine:UK_map.png)，
2012.05.20 visited.
4
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britonia6hcentury.png)，
2012.05.20 visited.
4
《亞瑟王》，主演：琪拉奈特莉、克里夫歐文，發行：得利影視，2010 年 03 月 01 日。
博客來(http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/dvd/dvdfile.php?item=D020030155)，
2012.06.01 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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The British Museum
(http://www.britishmuseum.org/join_in/using_digital_images/using_digital_images.aspx?image=ps340912.jpg)，
2012.05.20 visited.
本作品由所有權人 The British Museum 授權使用，如您需要使用本作品，請另行向授權人取得授權。
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頁碼
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Linda Spashett
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herne_Bay_Museum_078.jpg)，
2012.05.15 visited.
5
Flickr / TheFatnick
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/8095506@N07/3164677216/in/photostream/)，
2012.05.20 visited.
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Flickr / profzucker
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/5175051073/)，
2012.05.15 visited.
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_hoo_helmet_room_1_no_flashbrightness_ajusted.JPG)，
2012.05.20 visited.
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The Sutton Hoo Society
(http://www.suttonhoo.org/archeology.asp)，2012.05.20 visited.
依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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Beowulf on Steorarume
(http://www.heorot.dk/beo-guide.html)，2012.05.28 visited.
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Heptarchie_800.png)，
2012.05.21 visited.
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《貝武夫：北海的詛咒》，導演：勞勃辛密克斯，發行：華納兄弟影業，2008 年 03 月 26 日。
博客來(http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/dvd/dvdfile.php?item=D020020937)，
2012.06.01 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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A Love of Words / 所有權人：A Love of Words
(http://www.aloveofwords.com/2009/09/03/the-english-alphabet/)，
2012.06.01 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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頁碼
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國立臺灣大學歷史學系劉慧教授。
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Flickr / tortipede
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/tortipede/4062066440/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
10
Flickr / Oxfordshire Churches
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/oxfordshirechurches/6857441065/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
11
Flickr / batigolix
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/batigolix/2728286258/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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Flickr / silviac44
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/silviac44/4202907297/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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頁碼
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:William_Bayeux.jpg)，
2012.05.28 visited.
11
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene45.jpg)，
2012.05.28 visited.
12
The National Archives
(http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/domesday/discover-domesday/)，
2012.05.28 visited.依據網站版權聲明以及著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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國立臺灣大學歷史學系劉慧教授。
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Flickr / UK Parliament
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/uk_parliament/2701153814/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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頁碼
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Flickr / ms.Tea
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/59089068@N00/16754293)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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WIKIPEDIA / Diliff
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg)，
2012.05.28 visited.
15
UK Parliament
(http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/architecture/earlyhistory/)，2012.05.28 visited.依據網站版權聲明以及著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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國立臺灣大學歷史學系劉慧教授。
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《A Morbid Taste for Bones: The First Chronicle of Brother Cadfael》，
Ellis Peters，Grand Central Publishing ，January 1, 1994。
Amazon(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0446400157/?tag=king2011-20)，
2012.05.28 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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頁碼
18、
23
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Fordham University
(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/1174angev.jpg)，
2012.05.28 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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Flickr / foxypar4
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/foxypar4/499440455/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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Flickr / Silvain de Munck
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/silvaindemunck/2478410119/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
19
Flickr / speedygroundhog
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/speedygroundhog/2112144301/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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Flickr / snapp3r
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/17612257@N00/4639771711/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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頁碼
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Flickr / wit
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/-wit-/138514818/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
22
Wikia
(http://pdsh.wikia.com/wiki/File:Robin_Hood.jpg)，
2012.05.28 visited.
24
Flickr / Fristle
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/fristle/3125830929/)，
2012.05.28 visited.
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University of Daytom
(http://homepages.udayton.edu/~schuerwc/lecture%20outline%203.htm)，
HISTORY 101，DR. SCHUERMAN，FALL 2000，LECTURE OUTLINES--#3，
2012.05.28 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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投影片 1 - 臺大開放式課程 (NTU OpenCourseWare)

Transcript 投影片 1 - 臺大開放式課程 (NTU OpenCourseWare)

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