Transcript Slajd 1 - British Polish Chamber of Commerce

The economy of local biogasfired CHP plants
I. Renewable energy from biomass
Biogas
Biogas is a product of the fermentation process caused by methane
bacteria. It is a mixture of the following gases:
 50 - 70% of methane
 32 - 37% of carbon dioxide
0.5%
3.0%
 0,2 - 0,9% of nitrogen
methane
35.0%
 0,1 - 5,5% of hydrogen sulfide
61.5%
In order to be used as an energy
source biogas has to contain at
least 45% of methane.
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
hydrogen sulfide
Biogas composition (medium values)
I.1 Biomass types and biogas production efficiency
800
800
700
695
600
500
400
300
200
100
25
36
55
80
110
200
120
0
Biogas production efficiency in m3 gained from 1 tone of substrate
II. Acquisition of the biomass used to produce renewable
energy
II.1 Acquisition of the biomass used for biogas production
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From 10 to 20 tons of biomass is acquired yearly in Europe from 1
hectare. In terms of energetic value that equals from 5 to 10 tons of
coal!!!
The potential biogas production in Europe is estimated to be 469
billion m3 of methane yearly, which equals roughly 75% of gas
production in Russia (source: Fachagentur für Nachwachsende
Rohstoffe).
High energetic potential organic substrates can be currently acquired
at no cost. What is more, it is possible to profit from it as it is
considered „waste disposal”.
The big advantage of vegetable raw material is that it is available all
year long for most of localizations. What is more, the production cost
is reasonably stable. For example the production cost of 1 tone of
corn silage currently varies from 45 to 55 zł.
Some of the biomass types are only available seasonally. For example
molasses as well as fruit or vegetable marc are available only during
the processing period.
A new EU subsidies programme is going to be introduced in Poland.
III. Biomass energy
Biomass is usually processed by:
1. Biomass fermentation – biogas, methanol, ethanol and other
substances are produced during the process. All these products can
be either processed into other forms of energy or used as fuel.
2. Conversion into gas – gas is produced by processing biomass in
special reactors (gas generators). Afterwards it is either combusted
in a boiler or it drives directly a gas turbine or internal combustion,
3. Oil esterification– biodiesel,
4. Alcohol fermentation - ethanol,
5. Combustion.
In traditional power stations during the electric energy
production process only 35-38% of the fuel’s primary chemical
energy is used.
Cogeneration - the use of a power station to simultaneously
generate both electricity and useful heat. It allows to reduce losses
while processing energy. The use of fuel’s primary energy is 88%.
III.1 Biogas
1. Biogas can be produced not only from cattle or pig slurry, but also from
biomass containing significant amounts of carbohydrates. Various plants
can be used as raw material, e.g. corn (entire plants), meadow plants,
sugar beet leafs, cereals, green plant matter, fallen tree leafs.
2. Agricultural and food industry wastes are good quality raw material as
well. Examples of such wastes could be spirit production residues, juice
production residues or glycerin – a byproduct obtained while producing
biodiesel from rapeseed oil.
3. Remains of the substrate can be used as an organic fertilizer.
4. Low risk of surface and ground waters contamination is an additional
advantage of the use of silage in biogas production.
III.2 Biogas energetic value
1. Biogas energetic value varies from 17 to 25 MJ/m3, which on
average equals the energetic value of 0,6 litre of heating oil. While
combusting biogas in a power plant with 36% efficiency coefficient
one can obtain 1,7 – 2,5 kWh/m3.
2. 25 m3 of biogas can be produced from 1 ton of cattle slurry roughly
whereas while using 1 ton pig slurry one can obtain roughly 36 m3 o
biogas.
3. 170-220 m3 of biogas containing 50-55% of methane can be
produced from 1 ton of corn silage which contains 35-40% of dry
mass.
4. If the corn yield is 45 tons per hectare one can obtain from 7 650 to
9 900 m3 of biogas, which is enough to produce 13,0 - 24,7 MWh o
electricity.
5. The mixture of 2 tons of silage and 5,3 m3 of slurry is enough to
produce 548 m3 of biogas that contains 54% of methane.
post-fermentation remains tank
fermentation tanks
bunker silo
substrate storage tank
utility building
heat management unit
Agricultural biogas plant by EnerCess GmbH,
source:J. Kujawski, O. Kujawski, Biogazownie rolnicze – wysoce efektywna metoda produkcji energii z biomasy
III.3 Biogas plant (CHP) raw material supply
1. Biogas plant should operate all year long. That requires sufficient
amount of biomass which needs to be stored.
2. During the vegetation period biomass can be stored in a silage form.
The silage should have the same parameters that are required in the
case of silage used for cattle feeding.
3. Corn silage is particularly useful as its quality parameters are stable.
That makes the amount of produced gas invariable. Corn silage is a
good component of the sludge, spirit production residue and silage
mixture.
4. It is estimated that in the case of silage-run biogas plant, a power
plant of 1 MW capacity requires yearly as much as 20 thousand tons
of raw material, which equals crops from 400-440 hectares.
III.4 Biogas plant (CHP) products
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electric energy – sold to the national electric grid
Heat energy – sold on the local market
Certificate of origin - green certificates- distributors
Organic fertilizer– farmers
Prices of biogas plant products
Product
Electric energy
Heat energy
Certificate of origin
Unit
Price in PLN
MWh
160 - 180
GJ
30 - 35
MWh
240 - 260
IV. Economic performance of a biogas plant (CHP)
Model of a 0,72 MWe and 0,68 MWt biogas-run CHP plant operating in a
meat processing plant
Biogas-run CHP plant investment cost are estimated to be 4,04,5 mln EUR calculated on 1 MWe.
Yearly income
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Sell of electric energy to the distributor’s grid (7,5% is going
cover own needs)
5 300 MWh*160 zł = 848 000 zł
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Sell of green certificates
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Sell of heat surplus (15% is going to cover own needs)
5 730 MWh*250zł =1 432 000 zł
4 608 MWh*100 zł =461 000 zł
4.
Utilization of post-slaughter waste
7 300 t * 300 zł = 2 190 000 zł
Total income
4 931 000 zł
Yearly costs
1. Corn silage acquisition
5 500 t * 80 zł =440 000 zł
2. Engineering services
300 000 zł
3. Biogas plant operation, 2 employees
80 000 zł
4. Cost of fertilizer distribution
193 000 zł
5. Additional costs
60 000 zł
Total costs
1 073 000 zł
EBITDA
2 741+2190–1073= 3 851 000 zł
Amortization
675 000 zł
Gross profit
3 176 000 zł
IV.4.2 IRR indicator
If assuming that the „green energy” price is 272 -308 zł (currently 400440 zł) the effectiveness of electric energy production is as follows:
Technology type
IRR of own capital
Small size water power-plant
4,02-6,18%
Wind power plant
8,13-19,79%
Large size water power-plant
7,90-10,17%
Biogas-fired CHP plant
19,15-22,82%
Biomass co-combustion in a
cogeneration power station
80,08-100,33%
Source: J. Buzek, presentation during the Baltic Ecoenergetic Forum
V. Incentive system
Subsidies
1.
Task 9.1 Infrastructure and Environment Operational
Programme provides up to 30 mln zł to support a
cogeneration investment. The subsidy amount depends on
the location on regional aid map. The subsidy cannot exceed
50% of investment’s eligible costs (60% for middle size
enterprises and 70% for small size enterprises). In wealthy
voivodships these amounts are proportionally 10% lower
2.
Task 9.4 Infrastructure and Environment Operational
Programme provides up to 40 mln zł to support production of
energy from renewable energy sources
3.
Regional Operational Programmes
4.
The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water
Management loans
The Subsidies
1. The amended act of parliament on energetic law assumes that
from January 2010 there are going to be improvements
implemented in the system that supports agricultural biogas
production. The act introduces two types of certificate:
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For biogas to be used in a gas network (agricultural biogas only)
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For biogas obtained from biomass, to be used in highly efficient
cogeneration units to produce electric energy and heat
In this case a producer may obtain two types of certificate – a
green one (renewable sources energy) and the yellow one
(cogeneration ).That applies both to agricultural biogas as well as
to biogas produced from municipal waste, wastewater sludge and
generated on dumping sites.
VI. Biogas plants development
1.
Thanks to the implementation of EU regulations the production of
gas in biogas plants in the years 2004-2007 has been developing. Each
year the total production in EU countries has been increasing by 50%.
Currently there are 4 thousand biogas plants in Germany. They
operate successfully and produce electricity for roughly 3 mln
households.
2.
Currently there are five agricultural biogas plants operating in
Poland with a total capacity of 6 MW. The situation is quite different
when it comes to sewage treatment plants and dumping sites. There are 151
of them operating and they produce 271,5 thousand MWh of energy yearly
(source: Polish Biogas Association).
3.
One biogas plant can produce yearly as much as 4-8 thousand MWh.
That amount is sufficient to supply with energy from 2 to 4
thousand of middle-size households. According to the government’s
programme there are going to be 2-2,5 thousand biogas plants built
in Poland.
Thank you for your attention