Transcript Folie 1

BIOGAS IN ITALY AND
FEEDSTOCK ASSESSMENT FOR
HIGH QUALITY BIOGAS
Tartu, 28.11.2012
Mariangela Soldano
CRPA- Research Centre on Animal Production
(Italy)
CRPA - Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali
(Research Centre on Animal Production)
CRPA: The mission
The conduct of research and the establishment and
management of services with the aim of promoting
technical, economic and social progress in the livestock
farming sector and promoting the spread of the most
advanced forms of environmentally friendly agriculture
CRPA: The issue
environmental compatibility of the agricultural food
production sector
rural development and economics
quality and safety of livestock production
feed, supply and implements for agriculture
Structure
BIOGAS IN ITALY
Biogas in Italy
 EurObserv’ER estimates an Italian biogas production
of 478.5 ktoe for 2010 (in Europe 10,943.3 ktoe).
 About 80% of this biogas production comes from
MSW landfills.
 The total energy consumption in Italy is more than
190 Mtoe.
Biogas in Italy
(CRPA data – may 2011)
Biogas plants on animal manure, agroindustrial residues,
energy crops
 CRPA carried out a census that identified 521 AD
plants (130 are under construction).
 About the 58% operate in co-digestion of manure with
energy crops (maize, sorghum…) and residues from
agro-industry;
 With reference to the type of reactor, the most
common is the stirred and insulated tank with vertical
walls (CSTR = Completely Stirred Tank Reactor)
 Almost all the plants are located in the northern
regions.
Biogas plants processing animal manure, agro-industrial residues
and energy crops (CRPA data – may /2011)
In Italy:
521 plants
(130 under construction)
About 350 MWe installed
About 770 Mm3 bioCH4
Emilia-Romagna region:
63 plants
(17 in building),
About 43 MWe installed
About 95 Mm3 bioCH4
Estimated in Italy about
800 AD plants at the end of 2012!!!!
Biomass
Biogas in Italy:
potential
 Animal manure:
130,000,000 t/y
 Food industry residues:
5,000,000 t/y
(Animal by-products - Cat. 3): 1,000,000 t/y
 Sewage sludge:
3,500,000 t/y
 Organic fraction MSW:
10,000,000 t/y
 Crop residues:
8,500,000 t DM/y
 Energy crops:
400,000 ha
8 billions m3 CH4/y or 25 TWh/y of EE (3300 MWe)
Biogas in Italy:
Subsidies
 From 2008 RES generation (qualified by GSE-Energy
Services Operator) receives GC for the first 15 working
years;
 From 2008 up to 2012 with biomasses, plants <1 MWe
a new Feed-in Tariff 280 €/MWh put in the grid;
 From 2013 a less convenient Feed-in-Tariff with a
bonus system for 20 years.
Thus...
 In Italy biogas sector is in strong expansion both in
terms of the construction of new plants and the
foundation of new companies.
 The livestock sector could be the driving force for the
development of anaerobic digestion on a larger scale.
But the biogas sector needs:
 clearer procedures to built, to manage plants and to
connect to the grid;
 incentives for biomethane as vehicle fuel or injection
into the gas grid.
BIOMETHANE IN
ITALY
- Biogas plant in Malagrotta
(Roma landifill)
- Pilot plant in San Giovanni
In Persiceto (Bologna)
Malagrotta (Roma)
- In collaboration with IVECO and CO.LA.RI (private consortium of
landifill Malagrotta).
- It is one of the biggest sanitary landfill in operation in Europe (more
than 1,5 million tons/year disposed and/or treated)
The biogas production from the landfill is
great enough to generate electric
energy and biogas for the refuelling
some public and private vehicles.
The
raw
biogas
production
is
10,000,000 Nm3/year, part is ugrading
to produce 1,800,00 Nm3 bioCH4, part is used in a CHP. The plant is
delivering biogas to a fuel station, which has 8 fuel pumps that are
able to operate at the same time.
SAN GIOVANNI IN PERSICETO (BOLOGNA)
• 500 m3/h produced biogas (process temperature 55°C)
• 1.2 MW installed power (only 0,9MW used)
• About 18,500 tons of biomass (Silage maize, triticum
agricoltural by-products) per year.
• About 400 Ha cultivated surface.
The idea....
• A small part (10%) of the biogas produced for CHP, and use it
for upgrading and fuel generation.
• 50m3/h of biogas, 28 m3/h of biomethane.
• 28m3/h X 20 h/day X 360 days/year= about 200,000 m3/year of
biomethane = about 180,000 equivalent diesel litres / year.
• The biomethane is now used only in SAFE srl cars.
•CNG tractors are already available …
Upgrading system...
Why biomethane in Italy?
In Italy the storage capacity of natural biogas at 31
December 2011 is equal to 14.7 billions of m3
The national gas grid is well
established and widespread.
33,768 km of Italy's gas transport
sistem (The main operator is Snam
Rete Gas).
With more than 760,000 car and trucks running on CNG, Italy takes the
lead among other European countries regarding the number of natural
gas vehicles. According to NGVA, roughly 850 filling station, most of
them pubblic, offer natural gas as a vehicle fuel.
Situation of NGV in Europe. Source NGVA Europe December 2011. LD (Light Duty), MD (Medium Duty), HD (Heavy Duty)
In March 2011, Italy introduced Decree No 28/2011 which allows
biomethane injection into the gas grid. This law stipulates that the
development of natural gas infrastructures is a national priority and
the codification of biomethane to natural gas grid injection is also a
priority of the Italian Authorities for Energy. The Decree allows
biomethane to enter the grid, provided that the necessary
requirements are satisfied. A related quality standard hasn't been
established so far, but is expexted in near future.
Potates
Sugar
beet
Onions
FEEDSTOCKS
Maize silage
Livestock manure
Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP)
Anaerobic digestion is an energy process which allows the
highly efficient exploitation of biomass which can be of
vegetable or animal origin, derived from waste or dedicated
production and wet or dry without distinction, producing a
valuable biofuel (biogas/biomethane)
Every anaerobic digestion plant has its own equilibrium
depending on the type of biomass loaded and the
plant/process parameters adopted. The basic element which
has the greatest influence on any kind of analysis,
representing the point of departure for any feasibility study for
the construction of an anaerobic digestion plant, is the
knowledge of the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP).
Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP)
This parameter expresses the quantity of biogas/biomethane
potentially available from the degradation of a biomass and is
expressed as Nm3·kgVS-1, that is, normal cubic metres of
biogas or methane per kg of volatile solids (or organic matter).
It's important to consider the organic matter and not the weight
or the dry matter of the biomass!
Fresh matter (fm)
What we use for biogas production
Water
(10-98% fm)
Ashes
(2-50% TS)
+
Total solids
TS
(2-90% fm)
Volatile solids
VS
(50-98% TS)
Not degradable
(10-70% VS)
Degradable
(30-90% VS)
What’s happen to organic matter in
AD process
Biogas
40 kg
VS 80 kg
TS 100 kg
In
Ashes
20 kg
Degradable VS
(50% VS)
Out
VS
Ashes
20 kg
VS
40 kg
Ashes
20 kg
Digester
VS/TS
VS/TS out
out
66,6%
66,6%
VS/TS
VS/TS in
in
80%
80%
AD
ADefficiency
efficiency
50%
50%
BMP and chemical analysis: because
evaluate them
for...
quantify the biomass needed
verify compatibility with the type of plant and farm
structures (storages, mix system, hydraulic retention
time....)
the quantity of digestate to manage
the quantity of nitrogen to manage
biomethane production costs
CRPA Lab laboratory: BMP tester
CRPA Lab laboratory: BMP tester
BMP: Informations obtained
Biogas yield: Nm3/ton VS o Nm3/ton f.m.
Methane yield:Nm3/ton VS o Nm3/ton f.m.
Methane percentage: %
Volatile solids degradability: %
Digestate produced: t digestate/t biomass
Nitrogen equivalent: kgN/Nm3CH4
BMP: kinetic process indices
The kinetic process indices can be identified from the
analysis of methanogenic potential by batch testing:
Kmax: the time taken to achieve the maximum production
speed (days)
Fmax: the maximum anaerobic degradability (%)
F90%: time taken to achieve 50% of the biogas production
(days)
F90%: time taken to achieve 90% of the biogas production
(days)
Methane yield and degradability (avarage and standard
deviation) of different category of biomass
Methane
Methane
yield
in
biogas
(Nm3/t VSV)
(%)
Kmax
(days)
Fmax
(%)
F50
(days)
F90
(days)
Sugar beet
molasses
393
66
2,8
69
5
15
Soya bean
(process
residue)
437
63
7,6
82
8
22
Olive presscake
201
69
11,2
32
11
20
Biogas production accumulate curve and maximum
degradetion speed for volatile solids
The Biochemical methane potential, defined by the standard
UNI EN ISO 11734:2004, allows to obtain, in addition to the
maximum amount of biogas/methane obtainable, all main
kinetic parameters of conversion of the organic matter.
In addition to the methane production potential, the main
purpose of the test, the production curves can be used to check
the presence of possible latencies, inhibition, the speed of
degradation (that is, the hydraulic retention time required)
The times of digestion of various by-products are very different
from each other and depend on the chemical characteristics of
the individual organic matrices.
An example: Pedrotti Farm
An example: Pedrotti Farm
Pedrotti farm breeds 700 dairy cattle (milk for ParmigianoReggiano cheese).
Total number of heads is about
1600 (190 dry cows and about
700 calves and heifers).
Dairy cattle housing system is cubicle house where
chopped straw is used as bedding material (2-3
kg/head/day); liquid manure is produced. Dry cows and
part of dairy followers are kept on a deep layer of bedding
(straw); farmyard manure is produced.
Pedrotti Farm - scheme
Pedrotti Farm – monitoring data
Input
fresh
manure
(average)
Input
digestate
(average)
Output
digestate
(average)
Input-output
(average)
95
20
110,9*
4.1
TS (% fm)
9.70
5.64
5.64
TS (kg/day)
9215
1127
6251
VS/TS (%)
84.0
72.2
72.2
VS (kg/day)
7741
814
4513
4042
Ashes (kg/day)
1474
313
1738
49
TKN (g/kg fm)
3.24
3.40
3.40
TKN (kg/day)
308
68
377
Fresh matter (t)
* Calculated as input manure minus biogas production
4091
-1
Pedrotti Farm – monitoring data
Energy and gas production
Method
Electric energy production (kWh/day)
6480
Measured
Total energy production (kWh/day)
16615
Based on CHP efficiency of 39%
Methane (m3/day)
1682
Calculated
Methane in biogas (%)
54.5
Measured
Biogas (m3/day)
3086
Calculated
Biogas density (kg/m3)
1.33
Calculated
Biogas (kg/day)
4092
Calculated
Pedrotti Farm – monitoring data
Input-output VS (kg/day) = 4041
Biogas production (kg/day) = 4092
4092-4041 = 51 (<1% on input VS, not bad!)
Output VS / Input VS (%) = 4513/8554 = 52.8%
The AD efficiency (degradation of organic matter) is
100-52.8 = 47.2% (medium/low efficiency)
Input-output TKN (kg/day) = -1
(nitrogen is conserved)
Pedrotti farm - AD process parameters
• Organic load rate: 7741/3800=2.04 kg VS/m3/day
• Hydraulic retention time: 3800/95=40 days
• Electricity efficiency CHP: 39%
• Biogas / volatile solids: 3086/7.741=399 m3/t VS
• Biogas / digester volume: 3086/3800=0.81 m3/m3
• …
Thank you for your attention!
Mariangela Soldano
CRPA - Research Centre on Animal Production
www.crpa.it
Reggio Emilia (Italy)
(+39 0522 436999, [email protected])
www.biomaster-project.eu