Transcript Methodology

Why Cite Sources?
How to cite sources
Giving credit to the original author of thoughts, words,
and ideas is an important ethical concept.
 To avoid PLAGIARISM: While a bibliography does
not prevent plagiarism, it is an important tool in
avoiding plagiarism.
 BUILDING on research: Pertinent information is
gleaned from the ideas of those who came before, and
a researcher then produces new knowledge by
integrating the ideas of others with her own
conclusions. This is the scholarly research process.
 TRACING research: According to Joseph Gibaldi, the
author of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers, “in presenting their work, researchers
generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by
carefully documenting each source so that earlier
contributions receive appropriate credit” (104). This is
the basis for all scholarship. It is important that
researchers give credit so readers can trace the ideas
presented back to the sources.
 CONTRIBUTING ideas: Your contribution, as a
student, to disciplinary knowledge is the unique ways
you interpret and synthesize the words, thoughts, and
ideas of authorities. In fact, giving credit to experts
and authoritative sources gives your conclusions
validity that cannot be achieved by simply stating
one's own opinions.
 LOCATING additional research: And that is another
reason for citations: it allows readers to access the
cited materials if they are performing research on that
topic.
Avoiding Plagiarism
 The purpose of the parenthetical citation is to lead
the reader to an exact item in the bibliography, so the
first entry in the bibliography (usually author’s last
name, sometimes title if no author is listed) is what is
included in the parenthetical citation. Additionally,
the exact point (page number) is listed.
 Plagiarism is using the words, thoughts, or ideas of
someone else without giving credit. Plagiarism can take
many forms, and it can be intentional or accidental.
 "Along with using someone’s direct words without
quotation marks and attribution, plagiarism includes
using someone’s thoughts or ideas and representing
them as one’s own. For example, if you were to change
the wording of a passage, but not credit the source, you
are plagiarizing as much as if you used the original
words. This presents something of a conundrum:
students are required to use the research and writing of
others, but such use is limited. In most research
assignments, students are encouraged – or even required
– to use the research of others, but proper credit must be
given.
 After finding good information from a reputable
source, you must then integrate that information into
your paper. There are several methods of doing
this: quotation, paraphrase, and summary."
(Talman)
Citing sources
 Citation: the basic, pertinent information needed to
find the full text of a publication. Citation formats vary
according to the field of study and/or requirements of
particular publications.
 Citation Style: dictates the information necessary for
a citation and how the information is ordered, as well
as punctuation and other formatting. Styles include
MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian.
 Bibliography: a list of citations that appears at the
end of a paper, article, chapter, or book. The
bibliography is called a Works Cited list in MLA. The
bibliography is referred to as a list of References in
APA format.
 Annotated Bibliography: each citation is followed by
a brief note—or annotation—that describes and/or
evaluates the source and the information found in it.
Citation Styles
 APA Citation Style
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Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,
6th edition (first printing), 2010
Follow these order codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
 MLA Citation Style
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MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition
Follow these order codes:
Author(s)
Title of Book or Website
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Place of Publication
Publisher or Database
Date
Other Information
Pages
 AMA Citation Style
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American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition
Follow these order codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
 Turabian Citation Style
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A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations, 6th edition
Follow these order codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
 Chicago Citation Style
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The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (16th edition
under construction)
Follow these orderr codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
Books or Chapters:
 Author: full name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s).
 Title: Full Title of the book and/or chapter of the book.
 Publication: City, State, Year (latest copyright date),
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and name of the Publisher.
Edition: if there is one listed.
Pages: if noted, referenced in the paper, or chapter of a
book.
(in addition if an e-book)
Website or Database: name of website or databased
the book or chapter was retrieved.
Date: you accessed the information.
URL: <http://__ >
Periodical or Magazine Articles:
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Author: full name(s) of the author(s).
Title: Full Title of the Article.
Title: Full Title of the Magazine or Journal.
Publication: Day Month, Year (Magazine). Volume, Issue,
and year (Journal)
Pages: if noted, referenced in the paper, or chapter of a
book.
(in addition if accessed from a database or website)
Website or Database: name of website or databased the
article was retrieved.
Access: where you accessed the database.
Date: you accessed the information.
URL: <http:__ >
Newspapers:
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Author: full name(s) of the author(s).
Title: Full Article Title
Title: Full title of the newspaper.
Publication: Day, Month, Year.
Edition: if there is one listed.
Pages or section: if noted, referenced in the paper, or chapter of a
book.
(in addition if accessed from a database or website)
Website or Database: name of website or databased the article
was retrieved.
Access: where you accessed the database.
Date: you accessed the information.
URL: <http://__ >
Encyclopedias:
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Author: full name(s) of the author(s) if available.
Title: Full Title of Entry.
Title: Full Title of the Encyclopedia or Dictionary.
Publication: Year (latest copyright date)
Edition: if there is one listed.
(in addition if an e-book or database)
Website or Database: name of website or databased the
entry was retrieved.
 Access: where you accessed the database.
 Date: you accessed the information
 URL: <http://__ >
Websites:
 Author: full name(s) of the author(s) if available.
 Title: Full Title of the content.
 Name of Web page.
 Name of Organizational sponsor (not advertising
sponsor).
 Date published or updated.
 Date: Day, Month, Year you accessed.
 URL (complete) <http:// __ >
How to cite AUDIO/VISUAL
MATERIALS
 Title of video. Dir. First Name Last Name. Distributer,
Year of Production. Medium. Year of Release if
different than Production date.
 If citing a person's role in the video then start with the
person's name.
 Example:
 CNN hero: Dr. Andy Moore. Turner Broadcasting
Systems, 2010. CNN. Web. 4 Apr. 2010.
How to cite MOTION PICTURES
 Title of motion picture. Dir. First Name Last Name.
Studio, Year. Medium.
 If you are citing the contribution of an individual,
begin with that person's name.
 Example:
 12 angry men. Dir. Sidney Lumet. Orion-Nova,
1957. Film.
How to cite MUSIC RECORDINGS
 Last Name, First Name. (Composer, conductor,
ensemble, or performer depending on emphasis) Title
of recording. Artist or Artists. Manufacturer, year of
issue (n.d. if not known.). Medium.
 Example:
 Brahms, Johannes. "Lullaby." 25 Tranquil
Classics. Composed 1868. SPJ Music, Inc., 2002. CD.
How to cite BOOKS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. Title of
Book: Subtitle of Book. edition. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Print.
 Examples:
Ermann, M . David, Mary B. Williams, and Michael S.
Shauf, eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. New York:
Oxford UP, 1997. Print.
 Odell, Lee, et al. Elements of Language. Austin: Holt,
2001. Print.
How to cite eBOOKS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. Title of
Book: Subtitle of Book. edition. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Name of Database. Place of access.
Web. Date of access.
 E-book Example:
Roush, Chris. Inside Home Depot: How One Company
Revolutionized an Industry through the Relentless
Pursuit of Growth. New York: McGraw, 1999. ebrary.
Web. 4 Dec. 2005.
How to cite Chapter in BOOKS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Title of
Article." Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. edition. Ed. Editor #1
First Name Last Name, and Editor #2 First Name Last Name.
Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Print.
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Title of
Article." Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Ed. Editor #1 First
Name Last Name, and Editor #2 First Name Last Name. Place
of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Web. Date of access.
 Examples:
Meiland, Jack. "The Difference Between High School and
College." You Are Here: Readings on Higher Education for
College Writers. Ed. Russell K. Durst. Upper Saddle River:
Prentice, 2003. 104-14. ebrary. Web. 3 May 2009.
How to cite ENCYCLOPEDIAS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Title
of Entry or Article." Title of Reference Source. Ed. First
name Middle Initial. Last name. edition. Vol.
number. City of publication: Publisher, year. Print.
 Examples:
Novak, Sarah A. "Personal Relationships and
Obesity." Encyclopedia of Obesity. Ed. Kathleen Keller.
Vol. 2. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2008. Print.
How to cite GENERAL
Encyclopedias or Dictionary Entry
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Title
of Entry or Article." Title of Reference Source. edition.
year. Print.
 Examples:
"Home." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
Print.
 Ring, Arnold A. "Real Estate." Encyclopedia
Americana. 1997. Print.
 "The Art of Architecture." Encyclopædia Britannica:
Macropædia. 15th ed. 2002. Print.
How to cite JOURNALS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name or
Initial. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume.
Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
 Example:
Hise, Greg. "Home Building and Industrial
Decentralization in Los Angeles." Journal of Urban
History 19.2 (1993): 95-125. Print.
How to cite MAGAZINES
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Title
of Article." Name of Magazine Day Month Year: Pages.
Print.
 Examples:
 Mead, Walter Russell. "The Debt We Owe the
Dutch." Newsweek. 27 Apr. 2009: 39. Print.
How
to
cite
NEWSPAPERS
 Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Article
Title." Newspaper Title Date of Publication, ed., sec.: pages. Print.
 Newspaper article with no edition or section:
Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Article
Title." Newspaper Title Date of Publication: Pages. Print.
Newspaper article with an edition:
Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Article
Title." Newspaper Title Date of Publication, ed.: Pages. Print.
 Newspaper article with a section:
Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Article
Title." Newspaper Title Date of Publication, sec.: Pages. Print.
Newspaper article with an edition and section:
Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial. "Article
Title." Newspaper Title Date of Publication, ed., sec.: Pages. Print.
 Examples:
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Brozan, Nadine. "Where Home is a Real
Sanctuary." New York Times 16 June 2002, sec. 11:1+.
Print.
"Cold Weather Chills Home Building in Many
States." Wall Street Journal 14 Feb. 2002, Eastern ed.:
B17. Print.
"Home Building Was Off in April." New York Times 17
May 2002: C14. Print.
Rosenberg, Geanne. "Electronic Discovery Proves an
Effective Legal Weapon." New York Times 31 Mar. 1997,
late ed.: D5. Print.
Salij, Marta. "These Books Can Help You Survive
Homebuilding." Detroit Free Press 27 Sep. 2001, final
ed., sec. C: 8. Print.
How to cite PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
 Personal Interview
 If you did the interview, list who you interviewed and
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how the interview was done.
Last Name, First Name. Type of Interview. Date of
Interview.
Example:
Bush, George. Telephone interview. 15 Apr. 2008.
Fried, Jolene. Personal interview. 20 June 2009.
 Letter, Memo, or an e-mail
 A letter the researcher received.
 TS (typescript) is machine typed; MS (manuscript) is
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hand-written.
Last name, First name Middle initial. Letter to author.
Date of letter. TS/MS.
Example:
Jones, Samuel K. Letter to author. 5 Nov. 2009. MS.
Brown, Lydia. Letter to author. 6 July 2010. TS.
 E-mail
 Last name, First name Middle initial. "Subject
heading." Message to author. Date of message.
Medium of delivery.
 Example:
 Yates, Corbin. "Re: Quote for the Day!" Message to
Daniel D. Williams. 21 June 2009. E-mail.
 Jones, Peter L. Message to the author. 6 Dec. 2008. Email.
Some Abbreviations
Abbreviation Latin
et al.
ibid.
et alii
ibidem
Translation
"and others", "and coworkers".
"in the same place
(book, etc.)"
Usage and notes
It can also stand for et alia, "and other things", or
et alibi, "and other places".
Example: These results agree with the ones
published by Pelon et al. (2002).
The abbreviation is used in citations. It should not
be confused with the following abbreviation. It is
better pronounced ibídem, with stress on the
second -i- (as it was in Latin).
op. cit.
loc. cit.
opere citato
"the work cited"
loco citato
“the work cited
elsewhere”
Means in the same article, book or other reference
work as was mentioned before. It is most often
used in citations in a similar way to "ibid",
though "ibid" would usually be followed by
a page number.
Means in the same article, book or other
reference work as was mentioned before. It is
always preceded by the name of the author.