Transcript Solids Review

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF
SOLIDS?
• Crystalline
• Amorphous
LIST 2 OF THE 4 TYPES OF
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS.
• Ionic
• Covalent
Network
• Metallic
• Molecular
_____ IS THE MEASURE OF
KINETIC ENERGY
• Temperature
__________CRYSTALS ARE SINGLE
ATOMS COVALENTLY BONDED TO
NEAREST NEIGHBORS IN AN
EXTENSIVE PATTERN.
• Covalent
Network
LIST AN EXAMPLE OF A SUBSTANCE
THAT SUBLIMES AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE.
• Iodine,
dry ice (solid
CO2)
TRUE OR FALSE:
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS DO CONTAIN ANY
CRYSTAL DEFECTS.
• FALSE
LIST 2 EXAMPLES OF AMORPHOUS
SOLIDS.
• Glass,
plastics,
rubber, polymers,
cement
EXPLAIN USING KMT, HOW SOLIDS
ARE RELATIVELY INCOMPRESSIBLE
COMPARED TO GASES.
• Solid
particles are so
tightly packed
together that there is
no room to push them
closer
_________ CRYSTALS ARE
COVALENTLY BONDED MOLECULES
ATTRACTED AND HELD TOGETHER BY
ATTRACTIVE FORCES.
• Molecular
DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF SOLIDS.
EXPLAIN WHY USING KMT.
• Definite
– b/c particles
are vibrating around
FIXED points
_________ IS THE ENERGY OF
MOTION
• Kinetic
Energy
LIST ONE STANDARD PRESSURE.
760 torr
760 mm Hg
101.3 Kpa
1 atm
__________ CRYSTALS ARE POSITIVE
METAL IONS SURROUNDED BY NEGATIVE
VALENCE ELECTRONS THAT BELONG TO
THE CRYSTAL AS A WHOLE AND ARE
ATTRACTED TO THE POSITIVE IONS.
• Metallic
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING:
293 K = _____C
• 20
C
LIST ONE TEMPERATURE THAT
ALL MOLECULAR MOTION WOULD
STOP AT
OK
-273 C
WHICH PHASE OF MATTER HAS
THE FASTEST (NOT
VIOLENT)AVERAGE KINETIC
ENERGY?
• GASES
ACCORDING THE KMT,
“COLLISIONS BETWEEN
PARTICLES ARE PERFECTLY
ELASTIC”. WHAT DOES THAT
MEAN?
• There
is NO energy loss!
DESCRIBE THE IM FORCES OF
SOLIDS COMPARED TO LIQUIDS.
• IM
forces are MORE
significant in solids
than liquids
IF THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER
WAS DECREASED, WHAT HAPPENS
TO THE KINETIC ENERGY?
• Kinetic
energy
DECREASES
WHAT TYPE OF SOLID IS GLASS
CONSIDERED?
• Amorphous
solid
DESCRIBE THE PARTICLE MOTION
OF SOLIDS
• Particles
vibrate
around fixed points
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A UNIT CELL AND
CRYSTAL LATTICE?
• Unit
cells make up the
crystal lattice
WHERE CAN YOU FIND PLASMA?
• Neon
or fluorescent lights
• Sun/stars
• Lightning
WHAT HAPPENS AT ABSOLUTE
ZERO?
• All
molecular motion
stops
DESCRIBE THE VOLUME OF
SOLIDS. EXPLAIN WHY USING
KMT.
• Definite-
b/c particles
are tightly packed
together
__________ IS WHEN UNIT CELLS
DO NOT LINE UP
• Dislocation
WHICH PHASE OF MATTER HAS
THE SLOWEST AVERAGE
KINETIC ENERGY?
• Solids
LIST THE 3 ASSUMPTIONS TO THE
KMT
1)
2)
3)
All matter is made of
particles
All particles are in
constant motion
Collisions between
particles are perfectly
elastic
____________WOULD CONTAIN
ATOMS MADE UP OF FREE
ELECTRONS AND IONS OF THE
ELEMENT.
• Plasma
DESCRIBE THE PARTICLE MOTION
OF LIQUIDS
• Particles
vibrate
around moving points
DESCRIBE A SOLID IN TERMS OF
MOVEMENT.
• Particles
vibrate
around fixed points
__________ IS A PROCESS THAT
DELIBERATELY MAKES CRYSTALS
IMPURE
• Doping
LIST ONE STANDARD
TEMPERATURE.
273 K
0 C
_______ ARE IMPURITIES THAT
ARE PRESENT IN CRYSTALS
• Inclusion
LIST 2 EXAMPLES OF
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
• Minerals,
sand, clay,
salts, metals, carbon,
limestone
DESCRIBE A SOLID IN TERMS OF
PARTICLE SPACING.
• Particles
are very
close together
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING:
10C = _____K
• 283
K
WHICH PHASE OF MATTER HAS
THE MOST VIOLENT AVERAGE
KINETIC ENERGY?
• Plasma
WHAT ABBREVIATION IS USED TO
SHOW STANDARD TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL?
• STP
HOW DO AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
DIFFER FROM CRYSTALLINE
SOLIDS? PROVIDE ONE
DIFFERENCE
Crystalline = defined
melting points; uniform
pattern
• Amorphous = NO defined
melting points; NO
uniform pattern
•
_________ ARE SOLIDS WITHOUT A
GEOMETRIC PATTERN, NO
CRYSTALLINE FORM
• Amorphous
crystals
DESCRIBE THE PARTICLE MOTION
OF GASES
• Particles
are moving
in completely random
motions
WHAT IS ONE FACTOR THAT
WOULD AFFECT CRYSTAL
FORMATION?
• Temperature
• Pressure
DO SOLIDS HAVE LOW OR HIGH RATES
OF DIFFUSION? ______________
EXPLAIN USING KMT.
• LOW
• Particles
vibrate in a
fixed position so that
does not allow easy
spontaneous mixing
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COLD PLASMA AND HOT
PLASMA?
•
•
Hot plasma = gas molecules
are fully ionized
Cold plasma = only a small
fraction of the gas molecules
are ionized
________ CRYSTALS ARE IONICALLY
BONDED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
IONS IN A REGULAR PATTERN.
• Ionic
EXPLAIN USING KMT, HOW THE
SOLID STATE IS MORE DENSE THAN
THE LIQUID STATE OF THE SAME TYPE
OF MATTER.
In solids, the particles are
closer together than liquids.
Therefore, more particles
per unit volume = more
dense
•
________ IS CHANGING FROM A
SOLID STATE TO A GASEOUS
STATE
• Sublimation
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF
DOPING A CRYSTAL?
• Increases
electrical
conductivity
FILL IN THE MISSING
Phase
Shape
Volume
Solid Definite Definite
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
INFORMATION.
Avg.
Kinetic
Energy
Particle
Spacing
Slow
Very close
together
Not
Mediu Moderately
Definite
spaced
m
Definite
Not
Not
Definite Definite
Fast
Very far
apart
Not
Not
Definite Definite
Very
fast
Very far
apart
Particle
Motion
IM Forces
Vibrating in
Most
a fixed
significant
position
Vibrating
around
moving
points
Less
significant
Continuous,
random
motion
Little to
none
Violent
Little to
none