Transcript LEGISLATION - Hodder Education

Non-communicable diseases
David Redfern
Non-communicable diseases
The global situation (1)
• Global mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remains
unacceptably high and is increasing. 38 million people die each year from
NCDs, mainly from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory
diseases and diabetes.
• Over 14 million deaths from NCDs occur between the ages of 30 and 70
each year, of which 85% are in developing countries.
Non-communicable diseases
The global situation (2)
• The number of NCD deaths has increased worldwide and in every World
Health Organization (WHO) region since 2000.
• Over 80% of NCD deaths — 29 million — occur in low- and middle-income
countries.
• Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, 17.3 million
people annually, followed by cancers (7.6 million), respiratory diseases
(4.2 million), and diabetes (1.3 million).
These four groups of diseases account for around 80% of all NCD deaths.
Non-communicable diseases
Source: WHO (2014)
Non-communicable diseases
Behavioural risk factors
• Tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of
alcohol increase the risk of, or cause, most NCDs.
• Tobacco use accounts for almost 6 million deaths every year (including over
600,000 deaths from exposure to second-hand smoke), and is projected to
increase to 8 million by 2030.
• About 3.2 million deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical
activity.
• Approximately 1.7 million deaths are attributable to low fruit and vegetable
consumption.
• Half of the 2.3 million annual deaths attributable to harmful drinking are
from NCDs.
Non-communicable diseases
National scale: selected countries and indicators
Country
Afghanistan
India
Iran
UK
Low income group
Lower middle
income group
Upper middle
income group
High income
group
Proportion of deaths from
cardiovascular diseases (%)
19
26
46
31
Proportion of deaths from cancers (%)
6
7
13
29
Proportion of deaths from chronic
respiratory diseases (%)
3
13
4
8
Proportion of deaths from diabetes (%)
1
2
2
1
Probability of dying between ages 30
and 70 from the four main NCDs (%)
31
26
17
12
Indicator
Male
Female
% tobacco smoking daily (2011)
N/A
Total alcohol consumption per capita
(litres per year) (2010)
1.2
0.1
% raised blood pressure (2008)
23
% obese (2008)
1.4
Source: WHO (2014)
Total
Male Female
25
Total
Male Female
Total
4
15 26
0.5
14
0.7 8.0
0.5
4.3 1.7
0.3
1
22
23 21
21
21 26
22
3.0
2.2 1.3
2.4
1.9 12.4
26.5
Male Female Total
22
22
22
16.9
6.9
11.6
24 31
25
28
19.4 26
28
27
Non-communicable diseases
Obesity
•
The number of people in the world who are obese or overweight has topped
2.1 billion, up from 875 million in 1980.
•
More than half of the world's 670 million obese people live in ten countries,
ranked in order: USA, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany,
Pakistan, Indonesia.
•
The UK has the third highest rates in western Europe, with 67% of men and
57% of women overweight or obese.
Source: The Lancet (May 2014)
Non-communicable diseases
The WHO Global NCD Action Plan
2013–2020 (1)
This has six global objectives:
•
Make prevention and control of NCDs a priority
•
Strengthen national capabilities and leadership
•
Reduce modifiable risk factors
•
Strengthen health systems
•
Promote high-quality research
•
Monitor trends of disease
Without taking action WHO estimates a $7 trillion loss of productivity.
WHO states that the annual cost of the action plan is $11 billion.
Non-communicable diseases
The WHO Global NCD Action Plan
2013–2020 (2)
WHO has set a global target of a 25% reduction in premature mortality
from NCDs by 2025.
This is to be achieved by nine targets:
•
Establish 80% availability of affordable technology and medicine to treat
NCDs
•
Ensure that 50% of people receive preventive therapy for heart attacks and
strokes
•
Half the rise in diabetes and obesity
•
30% reduction in salt intake
Non-communicable diseases
The WHO Global NCD Action Plan
2013–2020 (3)
•
10% reduction in the harmful use of alcohol
•
25% reduction in premature death of people aged 30 to 70 from
cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases
•
10% reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical activity
•
30% reduction in tobacco use
•
25% reduction in prevalence of high blood pressure
Non-communicable diseases
Useful weblinks
Some of the weblinks used for this presentation are:
http://www.who.int/nmh/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/noncommunicable-diseases/en/
http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/
An interesting perspective on the issues of obesity and diabetes in India can be
found at:
http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/presentation_cse.pdf