Transcript English Grammar

Fundamental
English Grammar
Ch09. Comparisons
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Context
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Comparative Adjectives: Introduction
What are comparative adjectives?
What are superlative adjectives?
Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms
Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
Equal Comparison
Unequal Comparison
Unequal Comparison의 강조
Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교)
Multiple Number Comparatives
Repeating a Comparative
Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급
Negative Comparatives: No Sooner
Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’
Superlatives
유사 비교급 표현
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1. Comparative Adjectives: Introduction
• There are 3 types of adjectives.
• The positive has no comparison.
Positive
Comparatives
Superlatives
long
longer
the longest
funny
funnier
the funniest
modern more modern most modern
good
better
best
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2. What are Comparative Adjectives?
What is an Comparative adjective?
It’s a word which describes a noun and express the idea of ‘more’ to the noun
adjectives
noun
Comparative
adjectives
big
fast
expensive
noun
bigger
car
faster
car
More expensive
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3. What are “Superlative Adjectives”?
Comparative Adjectives express the idea of ‘Max or Most’
fast-est
His car is fast.
Your car is faster.
But my car is the fastest.
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4. Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms
원급 형용사
one syllable
adjectives/adverbs
two syllable
adjectives
ending in
–y
The 원급 + est
Long
Longer
The longest
Fast
Faster
The fastest
hard
Harder
The hardest
More + 원급
The most + 원급
Famous
More famous
The most famous
Pleasant
More pleasant
The most pleasant
원급 + (y i) + er
The 원급 + (y i) + est
Busy
Busier
The busiest
Funny
Funnier
The Funniest
Clever
Cleverer
The cleverest
More clever
The most clever
Friendlier
The friendliest
More friendly
The most friendly
More + 원급
The most + 원급
Famous
More famous
The most famous
Modern
More modern
The most modern
More + 원급
The most + 원급
Slowly
More slowly
The most slowly
carefully
More carefully
The most carefully
Good (형용사)
Better
The best
Well (부사)
Better
The best
-LY adverbs
irregular
adjectives/adverbs
최상급 형용사
원급 + er
Friendly
three or more syllable
adjectives
비교급 형용사
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5. Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
원급
Far
비교급
최상급
Farther(거리, 시간상) 더 멀리
The farthest
Further(공간적) 더 멀리,
The Furthest
Rome is farther from London than Paris is.
The farther side of the bay (만의 저쪽)
Further training would improve your job prospects.
prevent further oil/chemical spillages.
Little
less
The Least
Much
more
The Most
better
The best
worse
The worst
Many
Good (형)
Well (부)
Bad (형)
Badly (부)
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6. Equal Comparison
1) S + V + as/so + 형용사,부사 + as + 주어 + (동사)
2) S + V + the same + (명사) + as + 주어 + (동사)
1) as + 형/부사 + as 구조
비교 대상은 주격, 소유격,
목적격, 또는 부정칭 대명사
one 가능

Anna is 21 years old. Sam is 21.
= Anna is as old as Sam (is).
Tom came as quickly as he could. //as+부사
This grammar book is as good as yours. // yours = your book
His car runs as fast as a race car (runs). // 비교대상주어가 일반주어
His job is as difficult as mine.
// 비교대상 주어가 소유격, mine = my job
= His job is so difficult as mine.
Their house is as expensive as that one. // 비교대상 주어가 부정대명사 one = house
Tom is 20. Jim is 21.Amy is 5.

Equal Comparison의 부정
Tom is not as old as Jim. = Tom is not so old as Jim.
- not + as (so) … as
His job is not as difficult as mine. // mine = my job
= His job is not so difficult as mine.
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6. Equal Comparison (Cont.)
1) S + V + as/so + 형용사,부사 + as + 주어 + (동사)
2) S + V + the same + (명사) + as + 주어 + (동사)
2) the same + (명사) + as 구조
// 명사는 생략가능
He speaks Korean. She speaks Korean.
the
same +명사
+as 은 명사를 중심
으로 비교할떄 사용.
= He speaks the same language as she (speaks).
She is as tall as I.
= She is the same height as I (am). // the same + 명사 + as
These trees are the same as those.
the
same as 는 같
은 종류(동일 제품)를
의미
His address is the same as Anna’s.
My watch is the same as yours. // 같은 종류(동일한 제품). Yours = your watch
His language is not the same as hers.
My nationality is different from hers.
// My라는 소유격 때문에 소유격이 비교대상
Our climate is different from Canada’s. // Our 라는 소유격
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The
same as 의 반
대말은 different
from 이지 different
than 이 아님.
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6. Equal Comparison (Cont..): 동등비교의 강조
As (so) + much/many/few/less + 명사 + as
Jim earns as much money as Tom.
동등비교급의
determiners (강
I have as little money as Tom.
조)
They have as few classes as we.
- as much + 불가산명사
Jim’s traveled as many countries as I do.
- as many + 가산명사
- as few + 가산/불가산
- as less + 불가산명사
- as little + 불가산명사
Anna is just as old as Sam. //just= exactly

동등비교급의 modifiers
Anna is nearly as old as Sam.
- just
Anna is almost as old as Sam.
- nearly
- almost
Tom isn’t quite as old as Jim. // quite는 부정형 문장에서만 사용
- quite : 부정형 문장만
Amy isn’t nearly as old as Jim.

주의: 비교급 modifier가 있는
문장의 부정
- not quite as … as = a small
difference
- not nearly as …as = a big
difference
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7. Unequal Comparison
Adjective + er
Adverb + er
1.
2.
Unequal
Comparison 1:
-er than
more
fewer
less
+
명사/형용사/부사
+
than
+
than
“A” is older than “B”.
than
다음에 목적
격이 올 수 있는데
이는 informal
“A” and “B” are older than “ C” and “D”.
I’m older than my brother (is).
I’m older than he is.
I’m older than him. // informal
He works harder than I do.
// I do = I work
I arrived earlier than they did.
// they did = they arrived
Anna’s hair is longer than Kate’s
// kate’s = kate’s hair
Jim’s apartment is smaller than mine. // mine = my apartment
Unequal
Comparison 2:
more/fewer/less
+ 명사,형,부 + +
than
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
February has fewer days than March.
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조동사 가 비교
대상 주어 다음에
올 수 있음

비교 대상이 소
유격 명사 또는 목
적격 대명사 가능

명사를
비교할때
는 count noun 이
냐 non-count
noun이냐를 잘 구
분해서 determiner
를 사용
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7. Unequal Comparison (Cont.)
Unequal
Comparison 2:
Anna is taller than Tom.
more/fewer/les
s + 명사,형,부
+ + than
//주의
비교급이
둘이 동시에
사용될 수 없음
= Anna is more tall than Tom.
more/fewer/less
Anna is more taller than Tom. (X) // 비교급이 둘
Would you like some more coffee?
Would you like some more?
//more 다음의 명사는 생략가능
I have more books than she.
다음
에는 반드시 형용사 원
급, 부사, 또는 명사 사
용
// more + 명
This chair is more comfortable than the wood sofa. // more + 형
He speaks more fluently than I (do).
// more + 부사
There are more people in China than there are in the United States.
Hyundai cars are less expensive than Toyota cars. // 2음절이상인 경우
= Hyundai cars are not as expensive as Toyota cars.
A pen is not as large as a book.
단음절인 경우 as…as
만 가능

// 단음절인 경우
A pen is less large than a book. (X)
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8. Unequal Comparison의 강조
much / far / a lot / a little bit
+
much / far / a lot / a little bit
+
many / far / a lot / a little bit
+
older
more old /money
(형용사, 부사,불가산 명사)
more opportunities
(가산 명사)
Tom is very old.
Tom is very older than I am. (X)
Anna drives very carefully.
Anna drives very more carefully than she used to. (X)
Tom is older than I (am).
Tom is much/a lot/far older than I am. (O)
Anna drives much/ a lot/far more carefully
than she used to. (O)
차등비교급의
modifier로 very 사용
불가

비교급의
modifier들:
- much (불가산)
= Tom is far more old than I. (O)
His car is far better than yours.
- many (가산)
Tom is a little (bit) older than I am.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a
lemon.
- a lot, - far
Tom is a little (bit) older than me. // informal
Jim’s watch is far more expensive than mine.
// far+ more+ 형용사
He speaks English much more rapidly than she does Spanish.
// far+ more+ 부사
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
// much + more + 부사
This honey is much sweeter than sugar.
// much + 비교급
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- a little (bit)
more/fewer/less
다음에는 반드시 형용
사 원급, 부사, 또는
명사 사용

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9. Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교)
Anna likes her dog better than her husband.
// unclear
 Anna likes her dog better than her husband does.
// does = like the dog
 Anna likes her dog better than she does husband does.
// does = likes
His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. (X) // 비교 대상의 잘못
Drawings
vs. instructor
비교급에서 비교 대
상은 동일한 자격을 가
져야 한다.

His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. (O)
Instructor’s
(=instructor’s drawings) vs. his drawing
The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (X)
Salary
vs. secretary
The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (O)
The
salary of vs. that of
The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (X)
Duties
vs. teacher.
The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (O)
 Those of vs. the duties of
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in high school. (O)
Your accent is not as strong as my mother’s. (O)
// mother’s = mother’s accent
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. (O) // that of = the climate of
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10. Multiple Number Comparatives
S+V
+
Twice
Three times
Half, …
As Much (noun) as
As many (noun) as
+
This book costs twice as much as the other one.
Jim ate three times as many oysters as Anna.
Tom has half as many CDs now as I had last year.
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Noun
pronoun
비교급에서 비교 대
상은 동일한 자격을
가져야 한다.

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11. Repeating a Comparative
Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster.
Life in the modern world is becoming more and more complex.
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비교급의 반복은 무엇인가가
진행적으로 질,농도,양,크기 등
이 커지고 있는 상태를 강조

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12. Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급
The + 비교급
+
S + V,
The + 비교급
+
S+V
The more
+
S + V,
The + 비교급
+
S+V
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
의미: ~머머 할 수록 더욱
~하다.

The higher we flew, the worse Anna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take the medicine, the better you will feel.
The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more you rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he saves money, the higher the price of a house goes.
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13. Negative Comparatives: no sooner
No sooner
+
조동사 + S + V
S
+
No longer + V
than
+
S+V
No sooner had we started out for California, than it stared to rain.

No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to live.

No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of
somebody else.
Tom no longer studies at the university.
No sooner = as soon as
부정형 부사가 문두에 오
면 그 문장은 도치

No longer = not anymore
= Tome does not study at the university anymore.
Anna may no longer use the car because it’s more than 15 years old.
= Anna may not use the car anymore
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14. Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’
S+V
+
Of the two
+
The + 비교급
More + 원급
Noun,
+
+
S+V
Anna is the smarter of the two women.
Of the two
+
+
noun
The + 비교급
More + 원급
일반적으로 비교 대상이 2
개인경우: 비교급, 3개 이상
인 경우: 최상급

= Of the two women, Anna is the smarter.
Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Of the two books, this one is more interesting.
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15. Superlatives
S+V
+
the
+
Adjective + est
Most + adjective
Least + adjective
In + 단수 /group
Of +복수
+
Anna drove more cautiously than Jim. // 부사의 비교급

Anna drove the most cautiously of all. // 부사의 최상급
- in the world,
Anna is the smartest in the class.
- in the team,
Tom is the shortest of the family.
- in the class
David is the most generous person I have ever known.

Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
- of all
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
- of them
Korea is one of the most successful countries in Economic

Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
in + the (this..) + group명
of + 복수형 (대)명사
One of the + 최상급+ 복수
형 명사 + 단수동사
Ali is one of the best students in this class.
= One of the best students in this class is Ali.
// 참고: 2개 비교시 최상급 사용하는 경우
일반적으로 비교 대상이 2개
인경우: 비교급, 3개 이상인
경우: 최상급, 그러나 2개을 비
교하더라도 최상급으로 표현
( 주의: 이를 잘못된 표현이라
고 생각하는 학자도 있음)

I like Anna and Mary, but I think Anna's the nicer of the two. (O)
I like Anna and Mary, but I think Anna's nicest of the two. (O)
I'll give you the bigger/biggest steak: I'm not very hungry.
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16. Superlative의 강조
Tom is very old.
Tom is very older than I am. (X)
Anna drives very carefully.
Anna drives very more carefully than she used to. (X)
Tom is older than I (am).
Tom is much/a lot/far older than I am. (O)
Anna drives much/ a lot/far more carefully
than she used to. (O)
비교급의 modifier로
very 사용 불가

비교급의
modifier들:
- much/many
= Tom is far more old than I. (O)
His car is far better than yours.
- a lot
Tom is a little (bit) older than I am.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
- far
Tom is a little (bit) older than me. // informal
- a little (bit)
Bring out your very best wine - Michael's coming to dinner.

You're the very first person I've spoken to today.
This is your very last chance.
최상급의 modifier들
(강조)
the very + 최상급
the very + first +명사
the very + next +명사
He's much the most imaginative of them all.
the very + last +명사
She's by far the oldest.
much + 최상급
We're walking by far the slowest.
by far + 최상급
He's quite the most stupid man I've ever met.
quite( = absolutely),
nearly, easily, almost,
easily, practically + 최
상급
I'm nearly the oldest in the firm.
This is easily the worst party I've been to this year.
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16. 유사 비교급 표현
John and Mary have the same books. // same은 반드시 the 와 결합
John and Mary have similar books.
the same, similar, different는 비
교급 형용사 역할

명사 and 명사+ V +the same+ 명사
John and Mary have different books.
명사 and 명사+ V +similar+ 명사
명사 and 명사+ V +different+ 명사
Their books are the same.

be + the same
Their books are similar.

be + similar
Their books are different.

be + different
This book is the same as that one.

the same as that + 명사
This book is similar to that one.

be similar to that + 명사
This book is different from that one.

be different that + 명사
She is the same age as my mother.

명사가 the same 가 as사이에 올
수 있음
My shoes are the same size as yours.
My book is like your book.

명사 + be like + 명사
My book and your book are alike.

명사 + and + 명사 + be alike
She looks like her sister.
The twins look alike.
Alike는
It looks like rain.
We think alike.
be동사 이외에 다른 동사뒤
에도 나옴
It sounds like thunder.
Most four-year-olds act alike.
- looks alike
This material feels like silk.
My sister and I talk alike.
- act alike
That smells like gas.
The little boys are dressed alike.
- think alike
This chemical tastes like salt.
Stop acting like a fool.
He seems like a nice fellow.
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